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    CdO-rich quaternary tellurite glasses for nuclear safety purposes: Synthesis and experimental gamma-ray and neutron radiation assessment of high-density and transparent samples
    (Elsevier, 2022) Kılıç, Gökhan; Kavaz, Esra; İlik, Erkan; Almisned, Ghada; Tekin, Hüseyin Ozan
    We present the preparation phase and comprehensive analysis of nuclear radiation shielding characteristics of novel melt-quenched 20P2O5·30TeO2.(50-x)ZnO.xCdO (x = 0, 15, 20, 30, and 40 mol percent) quaternary-tellurite glasses. The primary objective is to compare the changes in nuclear radiation absorption qualities that come from maintaining high transparency and increasing the CdO contribution rate to maximum values, such as 40 mol%. Consequently, experimental gamma-ray and neutron transmission systems are used to investigate the monotonic impacts of increasing CdO reinforcement on the functioning of synthesized glasses utilizing the well-known melt-quenching method. For the determination of attenuation coefficients, a standard gamma-ray setup is used with an Ultra germanium detector and 133Ba radioisotope. In addition, using the Canberra NP-100B BF3 gas proportional detector, glass shields are bombarded with a 241Am/Be neutron source (10 mCi/4.5 MeV) using a gas proportional detector. The addition of 40% mole CdO to the basic composition of glass significantly improved the transition resistance to gamma and neutron radiation. Furthermore, it was shown that the degree of transparency in the C40 sample synthesized with a 40% CdO additive ratio was equivalent to that of an ideal transparent glass sample. Moreover, C40 sample had better gamma-ray attenuation properties than all other shielding materials (except for RS-520). According to the findings, C glasses have a greater capacity for neutron attenuation than investigated conventional moderators. It can be concluded that C glass family is an effective gamma-shield and neutron moderator for research and medical radiation applications. © 2022 Elsevier B.V.
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    A critical evaluation on nuclear safety properties of novel cadmium oxide-rich glass containers for transportation and waste management: benchmarking with a reinforced concrete container
    (FRONTIERS MEDIA SA, 2022) Almisned, Ghada; Şen Baykal, Duygu; Kılıç, Gökhan; İlik, Erkan; Zakaly, Hesham M. H.; Ene, Antoaneta; Tekin, Hüseyin Ozan
    We examine the nuclear safety properties of a newly designed cadmiumoxide-rich glass container for nuclear material to a bitumen-reinforced concrete container. Individual transmission factors, detectormodelling, and energy deposition (MeV/g) in the air are calculated using MCNPX (version 2.7.0) general purpose Monte Carlo code. Two container configurations are designed with the material properties of cadmium dioxide-rich glass and Concrete + Bitument in consideration. First, individual transmission factors for 60Co and 137Cs radioisotopes are calculated. To evaluate potential environmental consequences, energy deposition amounts in the air for 60Co and 137Cs are also determined. The minimum gamma-ray transmission rates for two container types are reported for a cadmium dioxiderich glass container. In addition, the quantity of energy deposition is varied depending on the container type, with a lower value for cadmium dioxide-rich glass container. The 40% cadmium dioxide-doped glass container provides more effective safety than the Cement + Bitumen container, according to the overall findings. In conclusion, the utilization of cadmium dioxide-doped glass material along with its high transparency and advanced material properties may be a significant and effective option in areas where concrete is required to assure the safety of nuclear materials.
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    Elucidating the influences of tantalum (V) oxide in Bi2O3–TeO2–ZnO ternary glasses: an experimental characterization study on optical and nuclear radiation transmission properties of high-density glasses
    (Elsevier, 2022) İlik, Buse Özen; Kılıç, Gökhan; İlik, Erkan; Kavaz, Esra; Almisned, Ghada; Tekin, Hüseyin Ozan
    We report the optical and experimental gamma-ray and neutron attenuation properties of tantalum pentoxide reinforced Bi2O3–TeO2–ZnO ternary glasses with a nominal composition of 10Bi2O3–70TeO2-(20-x)ZnO-xTa2O5 (where x = 0,2,4, and 6 mol%). Measurements of transmittance and absorbance spectra for all of the synthesized samples are performed with Analytik Jena Specord 210 plus device between the range of 190–1100 nm. Moreover, 133Ba and 241Am/Be sources are utilized for experimental gamma-ray and neutron attenuation studies of BTZT glasses. According to results, the absorption edge is consistently moved from 380 nm to 390 nm as a result of ZnO/Ta2O5 translocation. In addition to decrease in optical band gap values of glass series, the fact that doping the structure containing Ta2O5 is lead to an increase in Urbach energies. The obtained irregularity through an increasing Ta2O5 additive is also changed the overall nuclear radiation attenuation properties of the BTZT glasses. The gamma-ray attenuation properties are obviously enhanced within the energy range of 133Ba radioisotope. The attenuation properties against fast neutron emitted from 241Am/Be were significantly enhanced through increasing Ta2O5 contribution. It can be concluded that BTZT6 glass sample may be regarded as a beneficial glass composition for multifunctional applications. It can be also concluded that ZnO/Ta2O5 translocation in Bi2O3–TeO2–ZnO ternary glasses may be regarded as a monotonic tool where the neutron attenuation properties should be strengthened in addition to gamma attenuation properties.
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    Synthesis and experimental characterization on fast neutron and gamma-ray attenuation properties of high-dense and transparent Cadmium oxide (CdO) glasses for shielding purposes
    (Elsevier Ltd, 2022) Kavaz, Esra; İlik, Erkan; Kılıç, Gökhan; Almisned, Ghada; Tekin, Hüseyin Ozan
    We present synthesis and thorough characterization phases of newly developed 20P2O5·30TeO2.(50-x)ZnO.xCdO (x = 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 mol%) glasses. Experimental gamma-ray and neutron transmission systems are used in terms of exploring the monotonic effects of increasing CdO reinforcement on behavioural changes of synthesized glasses through well-known melt-quenching method. A conventional gamma-ray setup along with a high purity germanium detector as well as 133Ba radioisotope is used for determination of attenuation coefficients. Glass shields are irradiated with a241Am/Be neutron source using the Canberra NP-100B BF3 gas proportional detector. The addition of 10% mole CdO to the basic glass composition had a significant favorable impact on the transition resistance to gamma and neutron radiation. In comparison to all available shielding materials, (except RS-520), the C10 sample demonstrated superior gamma-ray attenuation capabilities. According to results, C glasses generally exhibit superior neutron attenuation capabilities than conventional moderators. It can be concluded that C glass family may be considered as suitable gamma-shield and neutron moderator in different types of applications from research to medical radiation fields. © 2022 Elsevier Ltd and Techna Group S.r.l.
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    Tailoring critical material properties of some ternary glasses through ZnO/CdO alteration: a focusing study on multiple behavioral changes
    (Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2022) Kılıç, Gökhan; İlik, Erkan; Issa, Shams A.M.; Almisned, Ghada; Tekin, Hüseyin Ozan
    We present the optical, physical, and alpha/proton absorption properties of C-type P2O5–TeO2–ZnO ternary glass structures with a nominal composition of 20P2O5.30TeO2. (50-x)ZnO.xCdO (x = 15, 20, 30, 40 mol%). Using experimental methods, the physical and optical features of manufactured glasses are measured. The densities of the produced samples are increased due to ZnO/CdO translocation. Sixteen different bands are obtained as a result of deconvolution process. The C20 sample is reported with the largest optical band gap (3.530 eV) while the C15 sample is reported with the lowest (3.450 eV). According to our results, keeping the CdO concentration of ternary glasses around 40% is crucial for maintaining the glassy structure since glassy structure is distorted when %50 CdO (i.e., C50 sample) is incorporated into the glass structure. The shortest distances that alpha and protons may travel at the same energy levels are found in the C40 sample, which has the largest CdO contribution and the highest glass density. Due to the C40 sample’s greatest resistance to the movement of heavy particles within the material, this is the case. Our results have shown that 40% CdO contribution improves absorption of alpha and protons within the absorber material. Due to their great transparency and promising material features, it can be concluded that ternary glasses containing CdO might serve as excellent glass shields.
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    ZnO/CdO translocation in P2O5-TeO2-ZnO ternary glass systems: A reformative enhancement tool for physical, optical, and heavy-charged particles attenuation properties
    (Elsevier GmbH, 2022) Kılıç, Gökhan; İlik, Erkan; Issa, Shams A.M.; Almisned, Ghada; Tekin, Hüseyin Ozan
    We report the optical, physical, structural, and heavy charged particle absorption parameters of CdO doped P2O5-TeO2-ZnO ternary glass structures with a nominal composition of 20 P2O5.30TeO2.(50-x)ZnO.xCdO (x = 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 mol. %). Physical as well as optical characteristics of the synthesized glasses are measured using experimental methods. ZnO/CdO translocation is caused an increase in the density of the synthesized samples. Synthesized glasses are reported along with seventeen different bands as a result of deconvolution processes. The structure is formed more tightly and regularly with ZnO/CdO translocation process. As a result of the evaluation of the absorption edge, transmittance of the glass without CdO additive is reported around 338 nm in the 20–30 % transmittance region, the absorption edge of all the glasses doped with CdO is shifted to around 336 nm. According to results, un-doped C0 glass is observed more unstable and far from homogeneous than doped glasses with the largest Urbach energy value (0.1506 eV), while C10 glass is observed as much more stable and uniform when compared to all glasses in this study with a value of 0.1311 eV. Moreover, projected range values of alpha and protons grew as the energy level increased. The shortest lengths that alpha and protons may travel at the same energy levels are reported for the C10 sample, which has the highest CdO contribution as well as the highest glass density. C10 glass sample is reported to have the maximum degree of clarity, making it one of the most important qualifying requirements for shields in medical radiation facilities, where the observation of both the patient and the physical radiation source is crucial. It can be concluded that the investigated ZnO/CdO translocation process may be seen as a beneficial tool for P2O5-TeO2-ZnO ternary glass structures in terms of enhancing optical, physical, and heavy charged particle attenuation properties.