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    Z+-laplace transforms and Z+-differential equations of the arbitrary-order, theory and applications
    (Elsevier Inc., 2022) Ardeshiri Lordejani, Maryam; Afshar Kermani, Mozhdeh; Allahviranloo, Tofigh
    This paper provides a framework to study a class of arbitrary-order uncertain differential equations known as arbitrary-order Z+-differential equations. For this purpose, we first present the parametric form of Z+-numbers. Then, we introduce the basic algebraic operations on Z+-numbers, including addition, scalar multiplication, and Hukuhara difference. Definitely, these operations lead us to define the Z+-valued function. Afterward, the limit and continuity concepts of a Z+-valued function are provided under the definition of a metric on the space of Z+-numbers. Furthermore, the concepts of Z+-differentiability, Z+-integral, and Z+-Laplace transform with the convergence theorem for the Z+-valued function and its nth-order derivatives are introduced in detail. Considering all these concepts, a Z+-differential equation (Z+DE) can be expressed in the form of a bimodal differential equation combining a fuzzy initial value problem (FIVP) and a random differential equation (RDE). To this end, we use a combination of “FIVP under strongly generalized Hukuhara differentiability (SGH-differentiability)” and “random differential equation under mean-square differentiability (ms-differentiability)” to define the nth-order differential equations with Z+-number initial values. Further, the existence and uniqueness of the Z+-differential equations are examined by presenting several theorems. Finally, the effectiveness of the approaches is illustrated by solving two examples.