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    Effectiveness of tDCS blinding protocol in a sham-controlled study
    (Science Direct, 2017) Dinn, W.; Göral, F.; Adıgüzel, S.; Karamürsel, Sacit; Fregni, F.; Ayçiçeği-Dinn, A.
    There are surprisingly few studies investigating the effectiveness of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) blinding protocols. The objective of the present study was to determine whether a commonly used DC stimulator (neuroConn, Ilmenau, Germany) effectively blinds subjects participating in a single trial, double-blind/sham-controlled protocol. We investigated the question by analyzing blinding assessment in a double-blinded tDCS memory trial. Findings from that trial will be reported elsewhere (i.e., separate abstract submitted to the brain stimulation conference). Subjects were instructed to indicate whether they received 20 minutes of active- or sham-tDCS to determine whether blinding was successful. Participants were informed prior to the stimulation session that they would be assigned to an active- or sham-tDCS group. University students were assigned to genuine-tDCS (n = 27) or sham-tDCS (n = 26) groups. Subjects in the active-tDCS group underwent left DLPFC anodal/right frontopolar cathodal stimulation during a single tDCS session (2 mA, 20 minutes duration). During the sham session, genuine tDCS was delivered for the initial 30 seconds of the 20 minute session. The initial scalp sensations associated with tDCS (e.g., tingling) were experienced by participants receiving sham stimulation. Thus, the subject should be unaware of his/her group assignment. Analysis revealed that 29 of 53 subjects (54.7 %) correctly identified group assignment (binomial test, p = .58). 22 of 27 subjects (81.4 %) in the active-tDCS group correctly identified group assignment (i.e., believed that they had received genuine tDCS), while only 7 of 26 (26.9%) participants in the sham group correctly identified group assignment (i.e., stated that they had received “sham” stimulation). Thus, 19 of 26 participants (73.0 %) assigned to the sham group believed that they had received genuine tDCS. Results support the use of the current blinding protocol in single trial, sham-controlled tDCS studies.