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    Assessment of non-monetary facilities in Urmia Lake basin under PES scheme: a rehabilitation solution for the dry lake in Iran
    (Springer Science and Business Media B.V., 2020) Daneshi, Alireza; Panahi, Mostafa; Masoomi, Saber; Azadi, Hossein; Gökçin Özuyar, Pınar; Tanaskovik, Vjekoslav
    The decline in Urmia Lake basin’s water resources has resulted in a severe drought of the lake. The drought of this hyper-saline lake has put lives of 6.4 million inhabitants at risk. This study was conducted to assess the technical and economic employability of a payment for ecosystem services (PES) method as a policy tool to improve water resources management of Siminehroud river basin which is the most important tributary of Urmia Lake basin. For this purpose, the target areas were identified after the development of a land-use map for the basin. Then, by recruiting the integrated interview method and distributing 398 questionnaires, the required data were collected to assess the employability of the proposed PES method. Among various PES schemes, two methods including a) payment for shifting irrigation methods and b) payment to change cropping patterns in the frame of “Willingness to Accept” (WTA) were proposed to farmers. The results suggest that farmers highly welcomed both proposed methods. The benefit–cost ratio (BCR) for the change in irrigation system was 3.98, whereas the changes for the cropping pattern were 0.8 (for rapeseed), 0.72 (for soybean), and 1.09 (for safflower). As a result, shifting irrigation methods and changing cultivation patterns to safflower are both economically justifiable.
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    Impacts of organizational arrangements on conservation agriculture: insights from interpretive structural modeling in Iran
    (Taylor & Francis Inc, 2021) Latifi, Somaye; Hauser, Michael; Raheli, Hossein; Moghaddam, Saghi Movahhed; Viira, Ants-Hannes; Gökçin Özuyar, Pınar; Azadi, Hossein
    Conservation agriculture (CA) has been promoted worldwide as an approach to sustainable resource management and better productivity. Promotion and adoption of CA in Iran have been receiving increased attention from the national government over recent years. Therefore, to speed up development of CA as a basis for sustainable development, drivers that influence the development of CA need to be identified and modeled. The main aim of this study is to present a comprehensive model for CA development in Iran by identifying the institutional drivers that influence its promotion and determining the relationship between drivers. At first, the drivers identified from the literature and interviews with experts, and the relationships among the drivers were explored and clarified using Interpretative Structural Modeling (ISM). A cross-impact matrix multiplication was applied to classification (MICMAC) analysis, which was then used to categorize the drivers in four sub-groups. The results showed that creating a suitable organizational structure is a very significant driving factor for CA development in Iran. Strong driving power and weak dependence associated with this factor should be treated as a critical driver. If CA shall expand more rapidly in future, then Iran's government should invest in an appropriate organizational structure for it.
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    Should we leave nature unattended or assist through enrichment to foster climate change mitigation? Exclosure management in the highlands of ethiopia
    (Springer, 2020) Hishe, Hadgu; Giday, Kidane; Soromessa, Teshome; Van Orshoven, Jos; Muys, Bart; Barati, Ali Akbar; Moghaddam, Saghi Movahhed; Gökçin Özuyar, Pınar; Azadi, Hossein
    In order to foster the potential of exclosures to sequester carbon, it is understood that they are increasingly assisted through enrichment planting. To study the impact of the enrichment planting on carbon sequestration process, five exclosures with enrichment planting and five pure naturally regenerated exclosures were selected. Along parallel transects, 20 x 20 m plots were laid at 100 m intervals where all woody vegetations were counted and measured for their diameter and total height. For soil sampling, five subplots at the center and four at each corner of the plots were established. The samples were collected at a depth of 0-0.2 m, and this procedure was repeated for each plot. In this case, when good management practices were implemented (such as Wukro exclosures), significant differences in organic soil carbon above the ground and the total carbon between naturally regenerated and enriched exclosures (P < 0.05) were found. The mean estimates of the above ground carbon, soil carbon, and total carbon were respectively 8.08, 31.04, and 39.12 ton/ha for natural regeneration vs. 7.94, 31.00, and 38.93 ton/ha for enriched regeneration. Lower altitudes had significantly higher soil organic carbon (P < 0.05) than the higher altitudes. However, the slope had an insignificant effect on carbon distribution. Enriched exclosures performed more poorly in carbon sequestration. This was possibly due to the disturbances caused by mass plantation and poor post plantation follow up, since improved performance (P < 0.05) was seen in one enriched exclosure with better management practices.