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    Comparison of immunogenicity for Sinovac-CoronaVac vaccine vs. natural infection during cancer treatment
    (Verduci Publisher, 2023) Cakir, E.; Saydan, D.; Gulbagci, B.; Ozen, M.; Ugurlu, I; Demirci, A.; Bilir, F.
    - OBJECTIVE: Efficacy of the COVID-19 vaccines in cancer patients, especially during their active treatment, are lacking. Most of the studies in the literature compared the immuni-ty in cancer patients with a cross-sectional cohort or retrospectively. Our study investigated Sino-vac-CoronaVac COVID-19 vaccine immunogenici-ty and compared it with natural COVID-19 disease in cancer patients during their cancer therapy.PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 111 pa-tients with cancer and who are on active treat-ment were included in the study. This is a sin-gle-center study and was designed prospec-tively. Two group of patients were included in the study, natural disease and vaccinated group.RESULTS: A total of 111 patients were in-cluded in the study, 34 of whom had natural COVID-19 disease. Antibody levels following the first dose vaccine were 0.4 (0-1.9) U/ml while af-ter the second dose of vaccine were 2.6 (1.0-7.25) U/ml. Immunogenicity levels were 82.4% in the natural disease group and 75.8% in the vaccinated group after the second shot of the vaccine. Immunogenicity rate was significantly higher in non-chemotherapy (receiving immu-notehrapy/targeted therapy or biologic agent) group compared to chemotherapy drug (92.9% vs. 63.3%, p=0.004). There was a difference be-tween the antibody levels following the first and second vaccination [median (IQR): 0.3 (0-1.0) and 3.3 (2.0-6.7), p=0.001, respectively].CONCLUSIONS: The present study revealed that the Sinovac-CoronaVac vaccine showed an acceptable immunogenicity following two shots in cancer patients who were receiving ac-tive systemic therapy. On the other hand, nat-ural disease immunogenicity was higher than vaccinated group.
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    The cytotoxic effects of indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase inhibitors on triple negative breast cancer cells upon tumor necrosis factor ? stimulation
    (Wolters Kluwer Medknow Publications, 2023) Bilir, C.; Eskiler, G.G.; Bilir, F.
    Context: Overexpressed indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) has been observed in many types of cancer and plays an essential role in the tumor microenvironment through immune cells function. Aims: In our study, the therapeutic potentials of two different IDO inhibitors (Epacadostat [EPA] and 1-methyl-L-tryptophan [L-1MT]) in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells were assessed with and without tumor necrosis factor-? (TNF-?) stimulation. Materials and Methods: The anticancer activity of EPA and L-1MT alone and in combination with TNF-? was analyzed by WST-1, annexin V, cell cycle analysis, and acridine orange/ethidium bromide staining. In addition, the relationship between IDO1 and programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expressions in TNBC cells upon treatment with IDO inhibitors was evaluated by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis. Statistical Analysis Used: SPSS 22.0 was conducted for statistical analysis. The one-way analysis of variance with Tukey's multiple comparison test was performed for multiple groups. Independent (unpaired) t -test was used for the comparison of two groups. Results: EPA and L-1MT alone significantly suppressed the TNBC cell viability through the induction of apoptotic cell death and G0/G1 arrest (P < 0.05). TNF-? alone induced the overexpression of IDO1 and PD-L1 in TNBC cells compared with MCF-10A control cells. However, IDO inhibitors significantly inhibited overexpressed IDO1 mRNA levels. Furthermore, EPA alone and co-treated with TNF-? suppressed the mRNA level of PD-L1 in TNBC cells. Therefore, TNF-? stimulation enhanced the therapeutic effects of IDO inhibitors on TNBC. Conclusions: Our findings showed that the efficacy of IDO inhibitors was mediated by pro-inflammatory cytokine. However, different molecular signaling pathways are associated with pro-inflammatory cytokines production, and the expression of IDO1 and PD-L1 calls for further investigations. © 2022 Journal of Cancer Research and Therapeutics | Published by Wolters Kluwer - Medknow.