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Öğe Effective use of geothermal energy for hydrogen production: A comprehensive application(Elsevier Ltd, 2022) Karayel, Görkem Kubilay; Javani, Nader; Dinçer, İbrahimThe present study aims to investigate the geothermal energy potential for green hydrogen production in Turkey. Geothermal energy potential varies based on each city's location and underground resources (particularly on their flowrates, temperatures and composotion). Alkaline electrolysers (ALELs) are considered for water splitting and hence hydrogen production. The total hydrogen production potential for Turkey using geothermal resources is estimated to be 559.76 kilotons. In this regard, Aydın, Manisa, and Denizli appear to be the cities with the largest hydrogen production potentials. Hydrogen generation potentials for all Turkish cities are provided and discussed for a feasible hydrogen economy. It furthermore gives a countrywide spectrum of how an effective role geothermal energy can play in making the country leader in this field. The study results may serve as a good base for planning and strategizing purposes as required for the country and help in developing new energy policies for exploiting renewable energy resources. © 2022 Elsevier LtdÖğe Green hydrogen production potential for Turkey with solar energy(Elsevier Ltd, 2021) Karayel, Görkem Kubilay; Javani N.; Dinçer, İbrahimThe current study develops a hydrogen map concept where renewable energy sources are considered for green hydrogen production and specifically investigates the solar energy-based hydrogen production potential in Turkey. For all cities in the country, the available onshore and offshore potentials for solar energy are considered for green hydrogen production. The vacant areas are calculated after deducting the occupied areas based on the available governmental data. Abundant solar energy as a key renewable energy source is exploited by photovoltaic cells. To obtain the hydrogen generation potential, monocrystalline and polycrystalline type solar cells are considered, and the generated renewable electricity is directed to electrolysers. For this purpose, alkaline, proton exchange membrane (PEM), and solid oxide electrolysers (SOEs) are considered to obtain the green hydrogen. The total hydrogen production potential for Turkey is estimated to be between 415.48 and 427.22 Million tons (Mt) depending on the type of electrolyser. The results show that Erzurum, Konya, Sivas, and Van are found to be the highest hydrogen production potentials. The main idea is to prepare hydrogen map in detail for each city in Turkey, based on the solar energy potential. This, in turn, can be considered in the context of the current policies of the local communities and policy-makers to supply the required energy of each country.Öğe Hydrogen farm concept: a perspective for Turkey(WILEY, 2021) Dinçer, İbrahim; Javani, Nader; Karayel, Görkem KubilayPERSPECTIVEHydrogen farm concept: A Perspective for Turkey1 | INTRODUCTIONClimate change mitigation and implementing the neces-sary rules and regulations are terribly needed to makethe global commitment stronger than ever before. On theenergy side which is closely linked to these, energy mar-ket is and will be more struggling to afford turning awayfrom fossil fuels and move into decarbonization era.Since the industrial revolution, a drastic increase inthe anthropogenic carbon dioxide concentrations inthe atmosphere has bee n observed and affected thehuman health and human welfare, and such anthropo-logical effects cannot be gainsaid, despite a ll political-based denials and traditional fossils fuels lobbies'enforcements.Öğe Hydropower energy for green hydrogen production in Turkey(Elsevier Ltd, 2022) Karayel, Görkem Kubilay; Javani, Nader; Dinçer, İbrahimThe current study develops a hydro-based hydrogen production concept and investigates the utilization of hydroelectric power for green hydrogen production in Turkey. For the hydroelectric power potential calculations, the installed and under construction hydroelectric power plants, run-of-river systems, and reservoir dams are considered for the entire country. The potential capacities of each city are estimated based on the available official and published data by the government agencies, and some reasonable assumptions are also made for detailed analysis and assessment for a feasible hydrogen economy in the country. The results obtained here clearly show that the contribution of hydroelectric energy to hydrogen production is considerable high in promoting countries towards leadership in the field of green hydrogen production. Based on the analysis results, Turkey's hydro-based green hydrogen production potential is estimated to be 2.26 megatons. Şanlıurfa, Elazığ, Diyarbakır, Artvin, and Adana are cities with the highest green hydrogen production potential from hydroelectric power with an annual production capacity of 233.09, 204.92, 175.35, 157.28, and 140.8 kilotons, respectively. The results of this study are expected to help the policymakers to use hydropower energy for planning and developing action plan for the country and help overcome carbon-based fuel usage and its associated pollution. The main idea is to prepare hydrogen maps in detail for each region in Turkey, based on the hydro energy potential by using electrolysers. This, in turn, can be considered in the context of the current policies of the local communities and policymakers to prepare a sustainable energy roadmap for the country. © 2022 Hydrogen Energy Publications LLCÖğe Sustainable city concept based on green hydrogen energy(Elsevier Ltd, 2022) Dinçer, İbrahim; Javani, Nader; Karayel, Görkem KubilayThe current study investigates the green hydrogen production from renewable energy sources for the metropolitan city of Istanbul by using electrolysers. The main idea is to create a hydrogen map for every district in Istanbul, based on renewable energy sources and water splitting technology. The potentially available renewable sources, such as solar (including offshore), wind (including offshore), biomass, geothermal and underwater current are used for calculating the total hydrogen production potential. Istanbul's potential for producing green hydrogen is estimated to be 7.96 Mt. The study results show that Catalca, Şile, Silivri, Arnavutköy, and Beykoz come out as the districts with the highest green hydrogen potential with 1.49 Mt, 1.19 Mt, 1.12 Mt, 0.57 Mt, and 0.46 Mt, respectively. After supplying the necessary power demand for the city, the remaining power is used to produce green hydrogen which may contribute an economic value of over US $100 billion with a current price of $13/kg of hydrogen and 23.88 billion US$ with a targeted price of $3/kg of hydrogen, respectively. The available potentials for each district are also specifically studied and discussed. It is more importantly expected to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions by about 90% which will ve very important to achieve a carbon-neutral city and hence country due its dominated role. Furthermore, the results provide a clear guidance to enable policymakers and private sectors to use renewable energy potentials for their investment purposes or promote clean energy programs, tackling carbon-based energy consumption, pollution, and greenhouse effect. This, later on, can be used by policymakers and energy providers to help the city and local communities for achieving the United Nation's sustainable development goals.Öğe Sustainable marina concept with green hydrogen utilization: a case study(Elsevier, 2022) Karayel, Görkem Kubilay; Javani, Nader; Dinçer, İbrahimThe current study investigates the green hydrogen production from renewable energy for a sustainable yacht marina. The main idea is to create a sustainable harbor for utilizing renewable energy sources using electrolysers to produce hydrogen and providing power for both marina energy demand and transportation fuel needs. Generating electricity from renewable energy resources and converting into green hydrogen in marinas are the main objectives of the current study. Solar and wave energy resources are used for calculating total hydrogen production potential. Four different sizes of luxury yachts are considered in the calculations. The considered three yacht marinas are located in Malaga, Mugla, and Istanbul. The average annual green hydrogen production potential of a marina from offshore solar energy is estimated to be 1.34, 1.38, 1.47 kt, and annual green hydrogen production from wave energy is 2.66, 3.06, 3.99 kt for the considered marinas locates in Marbella, Bodrum, and Atakoy, respectively. During the summer season, 400 small-sized, 250 medium-sized, or 100 large-sized yachts are potentially considered for fueling with green hydrogen. At maximum capacity, in Atakoy marina, which is chosen for the case study, a total of 243 hydrogen-fueled mega-yachts can potentially be refueled with green hydrogen. The study results show that the marinas selected in the specified locations appear to feasible for sustainable hydrogen applications. © 2022 Elsevier Ltd
