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Öğe Assessment of extremity dose for medical staff involved in positron emission tomography/computed tomography imaging: Retrospective study(Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2023) Erdemir, Rabiye Uslu; Abuzaid, Mohamed Mahmoud; Cavli, Baris; Tekin, Huseyin Ozan; Elshami, WiamThere has been an increase in positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) imaging procedures, and medical workers involved in PET/CT are at increased risk of occupational exposure. Data on extremity dose exposure are limited globally. The current study aimed to evaluate the occupational radiation dose for extremities for medical workers (nurses, radiographers/radiologic technologists, and nuclear medicine physicians) working in PET/CT scanners at 5 large hospitals in Turkey. Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) and Thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD) ring dosimeters were used to measure equivalent dose values. Hospitals 1, 2, and 5 used OSL, and 3 and 4 used TLD. A total of 502 readings were obtained from 55 workers. In millisievert (mSv), the average annual effective dose for all workers was 14.5 +/- 17.7 (0.2-157.2). A radiography technologist received a maximum dose of 157.21. Nurses received the highest average annual effective dose (15.2 +/- 19.46) (0.32-65.58), followed by radiography technologists (14.7 +/- 18.03) (0.4-157.2), and nuclear medicine physicians demonstrated the least dose (8.6 +/- 10.5) (1.2-24.4). The results show that the extremity dose is well below the annual dose limit of 500 mSv. However, there is a wide variation in dose among the workers, underlining a need for careful assessment of working conditions to ensure safe practices for all workers.Öğe A closer look at the utilized radiation doses during computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA) for COVID-19 patients(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2023) Abuzaid, Mohamed; Elshami, Wiam; Cavli, Baris; Ozturk, Ceren; ALMisned, Ghada; Tekin, H. O.Introduction: CTPA stands for computed tomography pulmonary angiography. CTPA is an X-ray imaging that combines X-rays and computer technology to create detailed images of the pulmonary arteries and veins in the lungs. This test diagnoses and monitors conditions like pulmonary embolism, arterial blockages, and hyper-tension. Coronavirus (COVID-19) has threatened world health over the last three years. The number of (CT) scans increased and played a vital role in diagnosing COVID-19 patients, including life-threatening pulmonary em-bolism (PE). This study aimed to assess the radiation dose resulted from CTPA for COVID-19 patients. Methods: Data were collected retrospectively from CTPA examinations on a single scanner in 84 symptomatic patients. The data collected included the dose length product (DLP), volumetric computed tomography dose index (CTDIvol), and size-specific dose estimate (SSDE). The organ dose and effective dose were estimated using VirtualDose software.Results: The study population included 84 patients, 52% male and 48% female, with an average age of 62. The average DLP, CTDIvol, and SSDE were 404.2 mGy cm, 13.5 mGy, and 11.6 mGy\, respectively. The mean effective doses (mSv) for males and females were 3.01 and 3.29, respectively. The maximum to minimum organ doses (mGy) between patients was 0.8 for the male bladder and 7.33 for the female lung.Conclusions: The increase in CT scans during the COVID-19 pandemic required close dose monitoring and optimization. The protocol used during CTPA should guarantee a minimum radiation dose with maximum pa -tient benefits.Öğe A comparative analysis of shielding effectiveness in glass and concrete containers(De Gruyter Poland Sp Z O O, 2024) ALMmisned, Ghada; Sen Baykal, Duygu; Elshami, Wiam; Susoy, Gulfem; Kilic, Gokhan; Tekin, Huseyin OzanNuclear waste control and related equipment play a vital role in safeguarding human health and the environment from the potential dangers of radioactive waste. This study addresses the critical challenge of enhancing the shielding effectiveness of container materials for nuclear waste management, with a focus on comparing the attenuation properties of glass and concrete composites. Our analysis revealed that the copper oxide-reinforced borosilicate glass container demonstrated a significant transmission factor (TF) value decrease by approximately 15% compared to steel-magnetite concrete at 1.3325 MeV, with a standard deviation of +/- 1.5%, indicating its lower protective characteristics. Nonetheless, it exhibited a 10% higher TF reduction compared to the cement-bitumen mix at the same energy level, with a precision error of +/- 1.2%. In addition, the half-value layer for this glass was determined to be 2.5 cm for 1.3325 MeV gamma rays, showing moderate shielding capacity. The study demonstrates that optimizing the oxide content in the borosilicate glass matrix significantly enhances its shielding effectiveness. This advancement in nuclear waste management materials is justified by our comprehensive evaluation, highlighting the potential of optimized glass materials to outperform traditional concrete in certain scenarios, thus contributing to the development of more effective nuclear waste containment solutions.Öğe Development of acceptable quality radiation dose levels for common computed tomography examinations: a focused multicenter study in united arab emirates(FRONTIERS MEDIA SA, 2022) Elshami, Wiam; Abuzaid, Mohamed; Joseph, Dlama Z.; Tekin, Hüseyin Ozan; Ghonim, HatemPurposeDiagnostic Reference Level (DRL) is a practical tool for radiation dose optimization, yet it does not indicate the patient size or image quality. The Acceptable Quality Dose (AQD) introduced to address the limitations of the DRLs and it is based on image quality, radiation dose, and patient weight. The aim of this study is to establish the AQD for adult patients' undergoing Computed Tomography (CT) examinations (Head, chest, abdomen). MethodsThis study is conducted in the four main hospitals at the Ministry of Health and Prevention. Patient information and exposure parameters were extracted. All the acceptable images are scored for their quality assessments. Data is classified as seven weight groups, <50, 50-59, 60-69, 70-79, 80-89, 90-99, and >= 100 kg. The mean +/- SD, median, and 75th are calculated for the CTDIvol and DLP for each weight group per examination. ResultsOut of 392, 358 CT examinations are scored with acceptable quality. The median CTDIvol values for the weight groups are obtained as 24.6, 25.4, 25.4, 25.0, 26.0, 27.0, and 29.0 mGy. Moreover, median DLP values are obtained as 576.7, 601.0, 616.5, 636.1, 654.0, 650.0, 780.0, and 622.5 mGy.cm, respectively, for head CT without Contrast Media (CM). Similar calculation for head CT with (CM), chest without CM, abdomen without CM, and chest and abdomen (with and without CM) CTs are presented. ConclusionImages with bad, unacceptable and higher than necessary qualities contribute to increasing patient dose and increasing the DRLs. The AQD for the selected examinations were lower than the proposed DRLs in the United Arab Emirates. The integration of image quality and patients size in the assessment of the AQD values provide effective model to compare radiation dose indices within facility and compare with others. The obtained results may be useful in terms of improving dose and the diagnostic quality in the national and international levels.Öğe Establishment of diagnostic reference levels in cone beam computed tomography scans in the united arab emirates(MDPI, 2022) Abuzaid, Mohamed M.; Elshami, Wiam; Jayachandran, Deepa; Korappil, Noushad; Tekin, Hüseyin OzanThis study aimed to address the knowledge gap in assessing the radiation doses from cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) procedures, establishing a typical value, and estimating effective and organ doses. A total of 340 patients aged 18-80 years were included in this study. Organ doses were estimated using VirtualDose IR software. The typical values were based on median values estimated as 1000 mGy cm2. The mean ED (µSv) per procedure was 149.5 ± 56, and the mean of the peak skin dose during the CBCT examination was 39.29 mGy. The highest organ dose was received by the salivary glands (2.71 mGy), the extrathoracic region (1.64 mGy), thyroid (1.24 mGy) and eyes (0.61 mGy). The patients' doses were higher than in previous studies. Staff awareness, education, training and dose optimisation are highly recommended. With the establishment of local DRLs, patient dosages can be reduced successfully without compromising image quality.Öğe Exploring the Radioprotective Indium (III) Oxide Screens for Mammography Scans Using a Three-Layer Heterogeneous Breast Phantom and MCNPX: A Comparative Study Using Clinical Findings(Mdpi, 2023) ALMisned, Ghada; Elshami, Wiam; Kilic, Gokhan; Ilik, Erkan; Rabaa, Elaf; Zakaly, Hesham M. H.; Ene, AntoanetaBackground: During mammography, a lead-acrylic protective screen is recommended to reduce radiation exposure to the unexposed breast. Objectives: This research study aimed to construct an Indium-(III)-oxide-rich tellurite-glass screen (TZI8) and compare its performance to that of lead acrylic. Materials and Methods: A three-layer heterogeneous-breast phantom was developed, using the MCNPX (version 2.7.0) Monte Carlo code. An MCNPX-simulation geometry was designed and implemented, using the lead-acrylic and TZI8 shielding screens between the right and left breast. Next, the reliability of the phantom and the variations in absorption between the lead-acrylic and TZI8 glass were investigated. Results: The findings show that the TZI8-protective-glass screen offers significantly greater radioprotection than the lead-acrylic material. The quantity of total dose absorbed in the unexposed breast was much lower for TZI8 than for lead-based acrylic. The TZI8-glass screen gives about 60% more radioprotection than the lead-acrylic screen. Conclusion: Considering the toxic lead in the structure that may be hazardous to the human tissues, the TZI8-glass screen may be used in mammography examination to provide greater radioprotection than the lead-acrylic screen, in order to greatly reduce the dose to the unexposed breast.Öğe A focusing study on radioprotective and antioxidant effects of Annona muricata leaf extract in the circulation and liver tissue: clinical and experimental studies(De Gruyter Open Ltd, 2022) Elmas, Özlem; Şahin, Havva Hande Keser; Güven, Berrak; Abuzaid, Mohamed M.; Elshami, Wiam; Almisned, Ghada; Zakaly, Hesham M. H.; Ene, Antoaneta; Tekin, Hüseyin OzanObjectives: This study investigates the effect of Annona muricata (AM) leaf extract against irradiation-induced damage by the evaluation of hepatic tissue and the levels of oxidative and inflammatory stress in the circulation. Methods: An experimental study with 37 female Wistar albino rats randomized into four groups (controls and three intervention groups) was performed. The first interventional group (group 2) received 300 mg/kg of AM leaf extract by oral gavage once a day for 9 days, group 3 received a single dose of whole-body radiation (8.3 Gy) after a 9-day oral gavage treatment with saline, and the last group received the same irradiation of 8.3 Gy after being treated with 300 mg/kg of AM leaf extract by oral gavage once a day for 9 days. Results: Radiation was found to elevate reactive oxygen species parameters, and AM administration before irradiation was found to decrease total oxidant status (TOS), increase caspase 9, and improve hepatic damage when compared with the group that received only irradiation. Conclusion: The damage caused by irradiation may be ameliorated by the use of the AM extract, which appears to be effective in preventing oxidative stress and inflammatory activity.Öğe Infection control and radiation safety practices in the radiology department during the COVID-19 outbreak(Public Library Science, 2022) Abuzaid, Mohamed M.; Elshami, Wiam; Tekin, Hüseyin OzanRationale and objectives Radiology personnel must have good knowledge, experience and adherence to radiation protection and infection control practices to ensure patient safety and prevent the further spread of the COVID-19 virus. This study analysed compliance and adherence to radiation protection and infection control during COVID-19 mobile radiography. Methods A cross-sectional using online survey was conducted from September to December 2021. Data on demographic characteristics, adherence to radiation protection and infection control practice were collected during mobile radiography for COVID-19 patients in the study. A random sample of the radiographers working in COVID-19 centres in the United Arab Emirates. Results Responses were received from 140 participants, with a response rate of 87.5%. Females were the predominant participants (n = 81; 58%). Participants aged ages between 18-25 years (n = 46; 33%) and 26-35 years (n = 42; 30%), (n = 57; 41%) had less than five years of experience, followed by participants who had more than 15 years (n = 38; 27%). Most participants (n = 81; 57.9%) stated that they performed approximately 1-5 suspected or confirmed COVID-19 cases daily. The participants had moderate to high adherence to radiation protection, with a mean and standard deviation of 42.3 6.28. Additionally, infection control adherence was high, with 82% of the participants showing high adherence. Conclusion Continuous guidance, training and follow-up are recommended to increase adherence and compliance to radiation protection and infection control compliance. Educational institutions and professional organisations must collaborate to provide structured training programmes for radiology practitioners to overcome the practice and knowledge gap.Öğe Multiple assessments on the gamma-ray protection properties of niobium-doped borotellurite glasses: A wide range investigation using Monte Carlo simulations(HINDAWI, 2022) Tekin, Hüseyin Ozan; Ali, Fatema T.; Almisned, Ghada; Susoy, Gülfem; Issa, Shams A. M.; Ene, Antoaneta; Elshami, Wiam; Zakaly, Hesham M. H.In this study, the monotonic effect of Ta2O5 and ZrO2 in some selected borotellurite glasses was investigated in terms of their impact on gamma-ray-shielding competencies. Accordingly, three niobium-reinforced borotellurite glasses (S1 : 75TeO(2) + 15B(2)O(3) + 10Nb(2)O(5), S2 : 75TeO(2) + 15B(2)O(3) + 9Nb(2)O(5) + 1Ta(2)O(5), and S3 : 75TeO(2) + 15B(2)O(3) + 8Nb(2)O(5) + 1Ta(2)O(5) + 1ZrO(2)) were modelled in the general-purpose MCNPX Monte Carlo code. They have been defined as an attenuator sample between the point isotropic gamma-ray source and the detector in terms of determining their attenuation coefficients. To verify the MC results, attenuation coefficients were then compared with the Phy-X/PSD program data. Our findings clearly demonstrate that although some behavioral changes occurred in the shielding qualities, modest improvements occurred in the attenuation properties depending on the modifier variation and its magnitude. However, the replacement of 2% moles of Nb2O5 with 1% mole of Ta2O5 and 1% mole of ZrO2 provided significant improvements in both glass density and attenuation properties against gamma rays. Finally, the HVL values of the S3 sample were compared with some glass- and concrete-shielding materials and the S3 sample was reported for its outstanding properties. As a consequence of this investigation, it can be concluded that the indicated type of additive to be added to borotellurite glasses will provide some advantages, particularly when used in radiation fields, by increasing the shielding qualities moderately.Öğe Occupational radiation dose assessment for nuclear medicine workers in Turkey: A comprehensive investigation(Elsevier B.V., 2022) Elshami, Wiam; Erdemir, R. Uslu; Abuzaid, M.M.; Cavlı, Barış; Issa, Bashar; Tekin, Hüseyin OzanObjective: Radioisotopes are used extensively in nuclear medicine. Analysis of occupational doses received by medical radiation workers, especially nuclear medicine staff dealing with radioisotopes, contributes significantly to enhancing safe practice and promoting radiation protection measures in the radiology department. The current study aimed to determine the time trend and the differences in occupational radiation dose among nuclear medicine workers. Methods: Readings of 394 OSL dosimeters were obtained from 31 medical workers and grouped into five worker groups (technologist, physician, nurse, radio-pharmacist, and radio-physicist). Results: The average number of workers dropped to 4.5 in 2020 and 2021 compared to 14.4 in 2014 to 2019. The average annual effective dose and skin dose for all workers based on measurements for a typical yearly workload of 5000 patients were 1.21 (±1.15) mSv and 2.86 (±1.32) mSv, respectively. The highest average annual effective and skin dose was 5.41 and 5.82 mSv, respectively. The NM technologist working in PET/CT received higher mean and maximum effective and skin doses than the other worker groups. Conclusion: The annual effective and skin doses were below the national legislation and international standards. However, improvements in radiation protection practices could be implemented to reduce occupational radiation dose to NM technologists, the most exposed worker group in this study. © 2022 The Author(s)Öğe Physical features of high-density barium–tungstate–phosphate (BTP) glasses: elastic moduli, and gamma transmission factors(MDPI, 2022) Zakaly, Hesham M. H.; Tekin, Hüseyin Ozan; Rammah, Yasser S.; Issa, Shams A. M.; Alomari, Ali Hamed; Ali, Fatema T.; Baykal, Duygu Şen; Elshami, Wiam; Abulyazied D.E.; ALMisned, Ghada; Mostafa A.M.A.; Ene, AntoanetaFunding details Abstract We present elastic moduli, gamma radiation attenuation characteristics, and transmission factor of barium–tungstate–phosphate (BTP) glasses with the chemical formula (60-y)BaO-yWO3-40P2O5, where y = 10 (S1)–40 (S4) in steps of 10 mole%. Different types of mathematical and simulation approaches, such as the Makishima-Mackenzie model, the Monte Carlo method, and the online Phy-X/PSD software, are utilized in terms of determining these parameters. The total packing density (Vt) is enriched from 0.607 to 0.627, while the total energy dissociation (Gt) is enriched by increasing the WO3 content (from 52.2 (kJ/cm3). In the investigated glasses, increasing tungstate trioxide (WO3) contribution enhanced Young’s, shear, bulk, and longitudinal moduli. Moreover, Poisson’s ratio is improved by increasing the WO3 content in the BTP glasses. The 20BaO-40WO3-40P2O5 sample possessed the highest values of both linear (µ) and mass attenuation (µm) coefficients, i.e., (µ, µm)S4 > (µ, µm)S3 > (µ, µm)S2 > (µ, µm)S1. Moreover, the 20BaO-40WO3-40P2O5 sample had the lowest values of half (HVL) and tenth (TVL) layers, i.e., (half, tenth)S4 < (half, tenth)S3 < (half, tenth)S2 < (half, tenth)S1. The effective atomic number (Zeff) of the studied glasses has the same behavior as µ and µm. Finally, the 20BaO-40WO3-40P2O5 is reported with the minimum values of transmission factor (TF) for all the BTP investigated at a thickness of 3 cm. In conclusion, the sample with composition 20BaO-40WO3-40P2O5 which has the maximum WO3 reinforcement may be a beneficial glass sample, along with its advanced mechanical and gamma ray shielding properties. © 2022 by the authors.Öğe Radiation dose assessment in multiple injured patients using whole-body computed tomography(Elsevier, 2022) Abuzaid, Mohamed M; Tekin, Hüseyin Ozan; Elshami, Wiam; Almisned, Ghada; Ene, Antoaneta; Zakaly, Hesham M. H.Introduction: Whole-body computed tomography (WBCT) is still debatable and a source of excessive radiation exposure when screening individuals with suspected blunt multiple trauma. Objective: This study aims to develop institutional Diagnostic Reference Level's (DRL) value and estimate effective organ doses for poly-trauma patients who underwent WBCT examination. Method: Retrospective analysis for patients undergone WBCT scans after being traumatized and admitted to the emergency room. Effective and organ dose estimated for 78 patients. Sequence parameters and CT indices were retrieved from the CT system. Data analysis was done using SPSS 20.0 (SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL, USA). Results: 84.3% of the patients were male, while 15.7% were female. 88% of the patients had a road traffic accident, and the rest fell from height. The effective dose was estimated as 34.5-35.3 mSv in males and females, respectively, while the organ doses ranged from 10.2 to 63.7 mGy. Conclusion: WBCT is a standard diagnostic radiological tool for urgent evaluation of patients with serious trauma. However, WBCT scanning comes with significant radiation exposure and the risk of developing cancer. Therefore, the WBCT should be clinically justified, and dosage reduction measures should be applied.Öğe Toward the strengthening of radioprotection during mammography examinations through transparent glass screens: A benchmarking between experimental and Monte Carlo simulation studies(Frontiers Media Sa, 2023) ALMisned, Ghada; Elshami, Wiam; Rabaa, Elaf; Kilic, G.; Ilik, E.; Sen Baykal, Duygu; Ene, AntoanetaIntroductionA lead-acrylic protective screen is suggested to reduce radiation exposure to the unexposed breast during mammography. The presence of toxic lead in its structure may harm the tissues with which it comes in contact. This study aimed to design a CdO-rich quaternary tellurite glass screen (C40) and evaluate its efficiency compared to the Lead-Acrylic protective screen. MethodsA three-layer advanced heterogeneous breast phantom designed in MCNPX (version 2.7.0) general-purpose Monte Carlo code. Lead acrylic and C40 shielding screens were modeled in the MCNPX and installed between the right and left breast. The reliability of the absorption differences between the lead acrylic and C40 glass were assessed. Results and discussionThe results showed that C40 protective glass screen has much superior protection properties compared to the lead acrylic protective screen. The amount of total dose absorbed in the unexposed breast for C40 was found to be much less than that for lead-based acrylic. The protection provided by the C40 glass screen is 35-38% superior to that of the Lead-Acrylic screen. The C40 offer the opportunity to avoid the toxic Pb in the structure of Lead-Acrylic material and may be utilized for mammography to offer superior radioprotection to Lead-Acrylic and significantly lower the dose amount in the unexposed breast. It can be concluded that transparent glass screens may be utilized for radiation protection purposes in critical diagnostic radiology applications through mammography.Öğe Transmission factors, mechanical, and gamma ray attenuation properties of barium-phosphate-tungsten glasses: Incorporation impact of WO3(Elsevier Science, 2022) Almisned, Ghada; Tekin, Hüseyin Ozan; Rammah, Yasser S.; Emad, Ahmed M.; Fatema, Ali T.; Elshami, Wiam; Ene, AntoanetalThe purpose of this study is to conduct a thorough examination of the direct and indirect impacts of increasing the quantity of heavy WO3 on gamma-ray transmission, shielding and mechanical properties for some selected barium-phosphate-tungsten glasses. Accordingly, mechanical prop- erties of barium-phosphate-tungsten oxides with chemical formula (50-x)P2O5-50BaO-xWO3 (x = 0.0(S1), 5.0(S2), 10(S3), and 15(S4)) mol% was evaluated using Makishima-Mackenzie model. Next, newly online Phy-X/PSD software and Monte Carlo code were used to examine the gamma radiation characteristics. Gamma-ray transmission factor (TF) values were calculated for S1, S2, S3 and, S4 glass samples for a range of well-known radioisotope energies such for 67Ga, 57Co-57, 111In-111, 133Ba, 201Tl, 99 mTc, 51Cr, 131I, 58Co, 137Cs, 60Co. The total packing density (Vt) was enhanced from 0.589 for S1 glass sample (free with WO3) to 0.605 for S4 glass sample (with highest WO3 =15 mol%). The total energy dissociation (Gt) of the investigated glasses was increased with increasing the WO3 content: from 51.7 (kJ/cm3) for S1 glasses to 52.45 (kJ/cm3) For S4 glasses. All mechanical moduli were improved with increasing the tungsten trioxide con- centration in the studied glasses. Poisson’s ratios were increased with increasing the WO3 con- centration. The trend of linear (LAC) and mass attenuation (MAC) coefficients were followed as: (LAC, MAC) S1 < (LAC, MAC) S2 < (LAC, MAC) S3 < (LAC, MAC) S4. Half (HVL) and tenth (TVL) value layers have the trend as (HVL, TVL) S1 > (HVL, TVL) S2 > (HVL, TVL) S3 > (HVL, TVL) S4. The effective atomic number (Zeff) and electron density (Neff) have the same trend. The lowest transmission Factor (TF) values for all glass specimens were examined at a thickness of 3 cm. Furthermore, the S4 sample displayed the least transmission tendency across all glass thicknesses evaluated.Öğe Utilization of artificial intelligence approach for prediction of DLP values for abdominal CT scans: A high accuracy estimation for risk assessment(Frontiers, 2022) Tekin, Hüseyin Ozan; Almisned, Faisal; Ergüzel, Türker Tekin; Abuzaid, Mohamed M.; Ene, Antoaneta; Zakaly, Hesham M.; Elshami, WiamPurpose: This study aimed to evaluate Artificial Neural Network (ANN) modeling to estimate the significant dose length product (DLP) value during the abdominal CT examinations for quality assurance in a retrospective, cross-sectional study. Methods: The structure of the ANN model was designed considering various input parameters, namely patient weight, patient size, body mass index, mean CTDI volume, scanning length, kVp, mAs, exposure time per rotation, and pitch factor. The aforementioned examination details of 551 abdominal CT scans were used as retrospective data. Different types of learning algorithms such as Levenberg-Marquardt, Bayesian and Scaled-Conjugate Gradient were checked in terms of the accuracy of the training data. Results: The R-value representing the correlation coefficient for the real system and system output is given as 0.925, 0.785, and 0.854 for the Levenberg-Marquardt, Bayesian, and Scaled-Conjugate Gradient algorithms, respectively. The findings showed that the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm comprehensively detects DLP values for abdominal CT examinations. It can be a helpful approach to simplify CT quality assurance. Conclusion: It can be concluded that outcomes of this novel artificial intelligence method can be used for high accuracy DLP estimations before the abdominal CT examinations, where the radiation-related risk factors are high or risk evaluation of multiple CT scans is needed for patients in terms of ALARA. Likewise, it can be concluded that artificial learning methods are powerful tools and can be used for different types of radiation-related risk assessments for quality assurance in diagnostic radiology.Öğe Utilization of three-layers heterogeneous mammographic phantom through MCNPX code for breast and chest radiation dose levels at different diagnostic X-ray energies: A Monte Carlo simulation study(Frontiers Media Sa, 2023) ALMisned, Ghada; Elshami, Wiam; Kilic, G.; Rabaa, Elaf; Zakaly, Hesham M. H.; Ene, Antoaneta; Tekin, H. O.IntroductionWe report the breast and chest radiation dose assessment for mammographic examinations using a three-layer heterogeneous breast phantom through the MCNPX Monte Carlo code. MethodsA three-layer heterogeneous phantom along with compression plates and X-ray source are modeled. The validation of the simulation code is obtained using the data of AAPM TG-195 report. Deposited energy amount as a function of increasing source energy is calculated over a wide energy range. The behavioral changes in X-ray absorption as well as transmission are examined using the F6 Tally Mesh extension of MCNPX code. Moreover, deposited energy amount is calculated for modeled body phantom in the same energy range. Results and discussionsThe diverse distribution of glands has a significant impact on the quantity of energy received by the various breast layers. In layers with a low glandular ratio, low-energy primary X-ray penetrability is highest. In response to an increase in energy, the absorption in layers with a low glandular ratio decreased. This results in the X-rays releasing their energy in the bottom layers. Additionally, the increase in energy increases the quantity of energy absorbed by the tissues around the breast.
