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    Neuromodulation of the left auditory cortex with transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has no effect on the categorical perception of speech sounds
    (Elsevier, 2023) Işık, Mevlüde; Eskikurt, Gökçer; Erdoğan, Ezgi Tuna
    Temporal cue analysis in auditory stimulus is essential in the perception of speech sounds. The effect of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on auditory temporal processing remains unclear. In this study, we examined whether tDCS applied over the left auditory cortex (AC) has a polarity-specific behavioral effect on the categorical perception of speech sounds whose temporal features are modulated. Sixteen healthy volunteers in each group were received anodal, cathodal, or sham tDCS. A phonetic categorization task including auditory stimuli with varying voice onset time was performed before and during tDCS, and responses were analyzed. No statistically significant difference was observed between groups (anode, cathode, sham) and within the groups (pre-tDCS, during tDCS) in comparisons of the slope parameter of the identification function obtained from the phonetic categorization task data. Our results show that a single-session application of tDCS over the left AC does not significantly affect the categorical perception of speech sounds. © 2022 Elsevier Ltd
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    Single session anodal transcranial direct current stimulation on different cortical areas effects on pain modulation in healthy subjects
    (HOGREFE PUBLISHING CORP, 2022) Erdoğan, Ezgi Tuna; Küçük, Zeynep; Eskikurt, Gökçer; Kurt, Adnan; Ermutlu, Numan; Karamürsel, Sacit
    Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) studies in healthy volunteers have shown conflicting results in terms of modulation in pain thresholds. The aim of this study was to investigate how single session anodal tDCS and modulated tDCS (mtDCS) of distinct cortical areas affected pain and perception thresholds in healthy participants. Five different stimulation conditions were applied at different cortical sites to 20 healthy volunteers to investigate the effects of tDCS and mtDCS (20 Hz) on pain and perception thresholds. TDCS over the motor cortex (M1), mtDCS over the motor cortex, tDCS over the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), mtDCS of the DLPFC, and mtDCS over the occipital cortex were the stimulation conditions. All of the stimulations were anodal. The stimulations were given in a randomized order at 20-minute intervals. For comparison, electrical pain and perception thresholds were obtained from the right middle finger before and during the tDCS. After each measurement, participants were asked to give a score to their pain. In repeated measures analysis of variance (RM-ANOVA) test, the Condition x Time interaction showed no significant influence on changes in pain, perception thresholds, and pain scores (p = .48, p = .89, and p = .50, respectively). However, regardless of the condition types, there was a significant difference in pain and perceptual thresholds during tDCS (p = .01, p = .025, respectively). Our findings did not support difference in pain and perception modulation by a single session anodal tDCS over M1 and DLPFC compared to the occipital cortex in healthy volunteers. The increase in all thresholds during tDCS, irrespective of conditions, and peripheral sensations, including an active control group, taken together, suggest a placebo effect of active tDCS. Future studies about pain and perception in healthy subjects should consider the level of experimental pain and a strong placebo effect.
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    The Results of Untethering Procedures with Intraoperative Neuromonitoring: Occult Spinal Dysraphism and Tethered Spinal Cord Secondary to Myelomeningocele
    (Halil Erdem Özel, 2018) Canaz, Hüseyin; Erdoğan, Ezgi Tuna; Alataş, İbrahim
    INTRODUCTION: Using intraoperative neuromonitoringin both primary and secondary tethered cord operations isaccepted as a necessity for a safer operation and guidingsurgeon in complex surgeries.METHODS: Twenty four operations which were monitoredwith three modalities; transcranial motor evoked potentials(TcMEP), free-run electromyography and direct nervestimulations. In group 1, there were 14 patients underwenttethered cord operations due to occult spinal dysraphism, ingroup 2 there were 10 patients underwent tethered cordoperations secondary to previous myelomeningocele repair.RESULTS: TcMEP responses of lower extremity were elicitedin 92 % in group 1, 80 % in group 2. TcMEP responses of analsphincter were elicited in 83 % in group 1, 60 % in group 2. NoTcMEP change was observed during the surgeries in bothgroup. Postoperative urodynamic results of both group wereimproved in 1 year period (78 % in group 1, 43 % in group 2).In patients with hypoactive bladder, we could not take analsphincter responses in TcMEP.DISCUSSION and CONCLUSION: Untethering of spinal cordboth in asymptomatic occult spinal dysraphism and TCSsecondary to MMC, can improve impaired urodynamic results.Intraoperative neuromonitoring and direct stimulation providesinformation for a safer surgery and guide surgical maneuversespecially in secondary untethering. Intraoperativeneurophysiological monitoring is beneficial for operations ofMMC patients with neurological deficits, to preserve theirresidual motor functions. Since anal sphincter functions arecorrelated with bladder functions, it is possible to get no analsphincter TcMEP response if patient has hypoactive bladder.