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    Antibacterial effects of quercetagetin are significantly enhanced upon conjugation with chitosan engineered copper oxide nanoparticles
    (Springer, 2024) Alvi, Adeelah; Alqassim, Saif; Khan, Naveed Ahmed; Khatoon, Bushra; Akbar, Noor; Kawish, Muhammad; Faizi, Shaheen
    The development of antibiotic alternatives that entail distinctive chemistry and modes of action is necessary due to the threat posed by drug resistance. Nanotechnology has gained increasing attention in recent years, as a vehicle to enhance the efficacy of existing antimicrobials. In this study, Chitosan copper oxide nanoparticles (CHI-CuO) were synthesized and were further loaded with Quercetagetin (QTG) to achieve the desired (CHI-CuO-QTG). Size distribution, zeta potential and morphological analysis were accomplished. Next, the developed CHI-CuO-QTG was assessed for synergistic antibacterial properties, as well as cytotoxic attributes. Bactericidal assays revealed that CHI-CuO conjugation showed remarkable effects and enhanced QTG effects against a range of Gram + ve and Gram - ve bacteria. The MIC50 of QTG against S. pyogenes was 107 mu g/mL while CHI-CuO-QTG reduced it to 9 mu g/mL. Similar results were observed when tested against S. pneumoniae. Likewise, the MIC50 of QTG against S. enterica was 38 mu g/mL while CHI-CuO-QTG reduced it to 7 mu g/mL. For E. coli K1, the MIC50 of QTG was 42 mu g/mL while with CHI-CuO-QTG it was 23 mu g/mL. Finally, the MIC50 of QTG against S. marcescens was 98 mu g/mL while CHI-CuO-QTG reduced it to 10 mu g/mL. Notably, the CHI-CuO-QTG nano-formulation showed limited damage when tested against human cells using lactate dehydrogenase release assays. Importantly, bacterial-mediated human cell damage was reduced by prior treatment of bacteria using drug nano-formulations. These findings are remarkable and clearly demonstrate that drug-nanoparticle formulations using nanotechnology is an important avenue in developing potential therapeutic interventions against microbial infections.