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    COMPOSITION ANALYSIS OF E-LIQUIDS AND THEIR EFFECTS ON HEALTHY LIVER AND PHARYNGEAL CARCINOMA CELL LINES
    (Trakya Univ Balkan Yerlesesi Enstituler Binasi, 2023) Geyik, Caner; Gumus, Zinar Pinar; Yararbas, Gorkem
    Electronic cigarettes have become popular worldwide in recent years although their effects on human health are still not properly known. The lack of regulations brings a problem of inconsistency between ingredients and the product label. We aimed to analyse the contents of widely used e-liquids and their effects on two different cell lines. Eleven e-liquid samples were selected according to their availability and popularity. Nicotine, propylene glycol (PG), glycerine (GLY), and volatile compounds in e-liquids were analysed by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and Gas Chromatography (GC). 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) cell viability assay was used to determine the effects of e-liquids on transformed human normal liver epithelial cell line (THLE-2) and human pharyngeal carcinoma cell line (Detroit 562). Nicotine amounts were found to be consistent with product labels. and GLY were not only different between brands but also for products within the same brand. THLE-2 cell viability was inversely correlated with e-liquid concentration. However, decreases in cell viability were not correlated with nicotine amount. Interestingly, effects of several samples on Detroit 562 cells were triphasic; decrease in viability at lower doses, cell survival in mid-concentrations and loss of viability in highest doses. The analytical composition of e-liquids differs greatly among products which corresponds to different cellular effects. Viability of cancer cells does not change in a dose-dependent manner, which suggest that cellular differences may play role in the outcome of these products.
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    Current evaluation and recommendations for the use of artificial intelligence tools in education
    (Walter De Gruyter Gmbh, 2024) Sagin, Ferhan Girgin; Ozkaya, Ali Burak; Tengiz, Funda; Geyik, Oyku Gonul; Geyik, Caner
    This paper discusses the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) tools in education, delineating their potential to transform pedagogical practices alongside the challenges they present. Generative AI models like ChatGPT, had a disruptive impact on teaching and learning, due to their ability to create text, images, and sound, revolutionizing educational content creation and modification. However, nowadays the educational community is polarized, with some embracing AI for its accessibility and efficiency thus advocating it as an indispensable tool, while others cautioning against risks to academic integrity and intellectual development. This document is designed to raise awareness about AI tools and provide some examples of how they can be used to improve education and learning. From an educator's perspective, AI is an asset for curriculum development, course material preparation, instructional design and student assessment, while reducing bias and workload. For students, AI tools offer personalized learning experiences, timely feedback, and support in various academic activities. The Turkish Biochemical Society (TBS) Academy recommends educators to embrace and utilize AI tools to enhance educational processes, and engage in peer learning for better adaptation while maintaining a critical perspective on their utility and limitations. The transfer of AI knowledge and methods to the teaching experiences should complement and not replace the educator's creativity and critical thinking. The paper advocates for an informed embrace of AI, AI fluency among educators and students, ethical application of AI in academic settings, and continuous engagement with the evolving AI technologies, ensuring that AI tools are used to augment critical thinking and contribute positively to education and society.
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    Effects of exosomes on major pathways promote tumor formation and progression
    (Bentham Science, 2021) Köse, Mehmet Emin; Aydın, Beste; Geyik, Caner; Gönül Geyik, Öykü; Ulukaya, Engin
    Exosomal vesicles enclose and carry a broad range of biological molecules, such as nucleic acids, lipids, and proteins, and transfer them between cells. In cancer, cells being mentioned could be neighbors in the same tumor microenvironment communicating with each other, or they could be localized at distant sites of the body, enabling suitable conditions for metastasis. Either way, it is a concrete fact that cells under physiological or pathological conditions make crosstalk via exosomal secretion. This review looks at the relation between exosomal cargo and mechanisms of cancer through recent research.
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    Enhancing urinalysis with smartphone and AI: a comprehensive review of point-of-care urinalysis and nutritional advice
    (Springer Int Publ Ag, 2024) Celik, Haluk; Caf, Balim Bengisu; Geyik, Caner; Cebi, Gizem; Tayfun, Miray
    Point-of-care diagnostics (POC), including urine test strips, offer several advantages over traditional laboratory-based urine analysis. POC allows us to regulate our nutritional needs. Urine analysis is a common diagnostic and well-being monitoring tool used to evaluate the overall health of an individual. It involves the examination of a sample of urine to detect and measure various substances and markers found in urine, such as proteins, glucose, leukocytes, ketones, and bilirubin, among others. Urine test strips, also known as dipstick tests, are a quick and convenient method of urine analysis that can be performed in conjunction with smartphone and AI-based analyses. These tests use a small strip of paper with chemically-treated reagents that change color when they react with specific substances found in urine. Dietary intake can have a significant impact on the composition of urine, as certain nutrients and compounds are metabolized and excreted through the kidneys. Understanding the effects of dietary intake on urine biomarkers can provide valuable insight into the overall health and nutritional status of individuals. This review explores existing literature to highlight the intersection between strip-based urine analysis, smartphone-based analysis, gold standards, and recent developments in urine analysis.
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    From viability to cell death: claims with insufficient evidence in high-impact cell culture studies
    (2022) Ali Burak, Özkaya; Geyik, Caner
    Abstract Background: Reliability of preclinical research is of critical concern. Prior studies have demonstrated the low reproducibility of research results and recommend implementing higher standards to improve overall quality and robustness of research. One understudied aspect of this quality issue is the harmony between the research hypotheses and the experimental design in published work. Methods and findings: In this study we focused on highly cited cell culture studies and investigated whether commonly asserted cell culture claims such as viability, cytotoxicity, proliferation rate, cell death and apoptosis are backed with sufficient experimental evidence or not. We created an open access database containing 280 claims asserted by 103 different high-impact articles as well as the results of this study. Our findings revealed that only 64% of all claims were sufficiently supported by evidence and there were concerning misinterpretations such as considering the results of tetrazolium salt reduction assays as indicators of cell death or apoptosis. Conclusions: Our analysis revealed a discordance between experimental findings and the way they were presented and discussed in the manuscripts. To improve quality of pre-clinical research, we require clear nomenclature by which different cell culture claims are distinctively categorized; materials and methods sections to be written more meticulously; and cell culture methods to be selected and utilized more carefully. In this paper we recommend a nomenclature for selected cell culture claims as well as a methodology for collecting evidence to support those claims.
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    Natural products as a promising therapeutic strategy to target cancer stem cells
    (2021) Erkısa Genel, Merve; Sarıman, Melda; Gönül Geyik, Öykü; Geyik, Caner; Stanojkovic, Tatjana; Ulukaya, Engin
    Cancer is still a deadly disease, and its treatment desperately needs to be managed in a very sophisticated way through fast-developing novel strategies. Most of the cancer cases eventually develop into recurrencies, for which cancer stem cells (CSCs) are thought to be responsible. They are considered as a subpopulation of all cancer cells of tumor tissue with aberrant regulation of self-renewal, unbalanced proliferation, and cell death properties. Moreover, CSCs show a serious degree of resistance to chemotherapy or radiotherapy and immune surveillance as well. Therefore, new classes of drugs are rushing into the market each year, which makes the cost of therapy increase dramatically. Natural products are also becoming a new research area as a diverse chemical library to suppress CSCs. Some of the products even show promise in this regard. So, the near future could witness the introduction of natural products as a source of new chemotherapy modalities, which may result in the development of novel anticancer drugs. They could also be a reasonably-priced alternative to highly expensive current treatments. Nowadays, considering the effects of natural compounds on targeting surface markers, signaling pathways, apoptosis, and escape from immunosurveillance have been a highly intriguing area in preclinical and clinical research. In this review, we present scientific advances regarding their potential use in the inhibition of CSCs and the mechanisms by which they kill the CSCs.
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    Preparation of glutathione loaded nanoemulsions and testing of hepatoprotective activity on THLE-2 cells
    (SCIENTIFIC TECHNICAL RESEARCH COUNCIL TURKEY-TUBITAK, 2021) Yeşiltepe, Ozan; Çelik, Emine Güler; Geyik, Caner; Gümüş, Zinar Pınar; Demirkol, Dilek Odacı; Coşkunol, Hakan; Timur, Suna
    To improve bioavailability and stability of hydrophobic and hydrophilic compounds, nanoemulsions are good alternatives as delivery systems because of their nontoxic and nonirritant nature. Glutathione (GSH) suffers from low stability in water, where its encapsulation in nanoemulsions is a powerful strategy to its stability in aqueous systems. The aim of this study was to obtain nanoemulsions from the hydrophobic/hydrophilic contents of N. sativa seed oil so as to improve GSH stability along with bioavailability of N. sativa seed oil. Then, the prepared nanoemulsions were tested for in vitro hepatoprotective activity against ethanol toxicity. To the best of our knowledge, there is no study on the test of nanoemulsions by the combination of Nigella sativa seed oils and GSH in hepatoprotective activity. Here, nanoemulsions with different contents were prepared using Nigella sativa seed oils. Content analyses and characterisation studies of prepared nanoemulsions were carried out. In order to investigate the protective effects against to ethanol exposure, THLE-2 cells were pretreated with nanoemulsions for 2 h with the maximum benign dose (0.5 mg/mL of nanoemulsions). Ethanol (400 mM) was introduced to pretreated cells and nontreated cells for 48- or 72-h periods, followed by cell viability assay was carried out. Fluorescence microscopy tests revealed the introduction of the nanoemulsions into THLE-2 cells. The findings show that nanoformulations have promising in vitro hepatoprotective effects on the THLE-2 cell line against ethanol exposure.