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    A closed-loop supply chain configuration considering environmental impacts: a self-adaptive NSGA-II algorithm
    (Springer Link, 2022) Babaeinesami, A.; Tohidi, H.; Ghasemi, P.; Goodarzian, F.; Tirkolaee, Erfan Babaee
    Configuration of a supply chain network is a critical issue that contributes to choose the best combination for a set of facilities in order to attain an effective and efficient supply chain management (SCM). Designing a closed-loop distribution network of products is an important field in supply chain network design, which offers a potential factor for reducing costs and improving service quality. In this research, the question concerns a closed-loop supply chain (CLSC) network design considering suppliers, assembly centers, retailers, customers, collection centers, refurbishing centers, disassembly centers and disposal centers. It aims to design a distribution network based on customers’ needs in order to simultaneously minimize the total cost and total CO2 emission. To tackle the complexity of the problem, a self-adaptive non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA-II) algorithm is designed, which is then evaluated against the ?-constraint method. Furthermore, the performance of the algorithm is then enhanced using the Taguchi design method to tune its parameters. The results indicate that the solution time of the self-adaptive NSGA-II approach performs better than the epsilon constraint method. In terms of the self-adaptive NSGA-II algorithm, the average number of Pareto solutions (NPS) for small and medium-sized problems is 6.2 and 11, respectively. The average mean ideal distance (MID) for small and medium-sized problems is 2.54 and 5.01, respectively. Finally, the average maximum spread (MS) for small and medium-sized problems is 3100.19 and 3692.446, respectively. The findings demonstrate that the proposed self-adaptive NSGA-II is capable of generating efficient Pareto solutions. Moreover, according to the results obtained from sensitivity analysis, it is revealed that with increasing the capacity of distribution centers, the amount of shortage of products decreases. Moreover, as the demand increases, the number of established retailers rises. The number of retailers is increasing to some extent to establish 7 retailers. © 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.
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    Designing a sustainable closed-loop supply chain network of face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic: Pareto-based algorithms
    (Elsevier, 2022) Tirkolaee, Erfan Babaee; Goli, A.; Ghasemi, P.; Goodarzian, F.
    This study develops a novel mathematical model to design a sustainable mask Closed-Loop Supply Chain Network (CLSCN) during the COVID-19 outbreak for the first time. A multi-objective Mixed-Integer Linear Programming (MILP) model is proposed to address the locational, supply, production, distribution, collection, quarantine, recycling, reuse, and disposal decisions within a multi-period multi-echelon multi-product supply chain. Additionally, sustainable development is studied in terms of minimizing the total cost, total pollution and total human risk at the same time. Since the CLSCN design is an NP-hard problem, Multi-Objective Grey Wolf Optimization (MOGWO) algorithm and Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA-II) are implemented to solve the proposed model and to find Pareto optimal solutions. Since Meta-heuristic algorithms are sensitive to their input parameters, the Taguchi design method is applied to tune and control the parameters. Then, a comparison is performed using four assessment metrics including Max-Spread, Spread of Non-Dominance Solution (SNS), Number of Pareto Solutions (NPS), and Mean Ideal Distance (MID). Additionally, a statistical test is employed to evaluate the quality of the obtained Pareto frontier by the presented algorithms. The obtained results reveal that the MOGWO algorithm is more reliable to tackle the problem such that it is about 25% superior to NSGA-II in terms of the dispersion of Pareto solutions and about 2% superior in terms of the solution quality. To validate the proposed mathematical model and testing its applicability, a real case study in Tehran/Iran is investigated as well as a set of sensitivity analyses on important parameters. Finally, the practical implications are discussed and useful managerial insights are given. © 2021 Elsevier Ltd