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    Advancements and applications of upconversion nanoparticles in wound dressings
    (Royal Soc Chemistry, 2024) Gultekin, Hazal Ezgi; Yasayan, Gokcen; Bal-Ozurk, Ayca; Bigham, Ashkan; Simchi, Abdolreza (Arash); Zarepour, Atefeh; Iravani, Siavash
    Wound healing is a complex process that requires effective management to prevent infections and promote efficient tissue regeneration. In recent years, upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) have emerged as promising materials for wound dressing applications due to their unique optical properties and potential therapeutic functionalities. These nanoparticles possess enhanced antibacterial properties when functionalized with antibacterial agents, helping to prevent infections, a common complication in wound healing. They can serve as carriers for controlled drug delivery, enabling targeted release of therapeutic agents to the wound site, allowing for tailored treatment and optimal healing conditions. These nanoparticles possess the ability to convert near-infrared (NIR) light into the visible and/or ultraviolet (UV) regions, making them suitable for therapeutic (photothermal therapy and photodynamic therapy) and diagnostic applications. In the context of wound healing, these nanoparticles can be combined with other materials such as hydrogels, fibers, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), graphene oxide, etc., to enhance the healing process and prevent the growth of microbial infections. Notably, UCNPs can act as sensors for real-time monitoring of the wound healing progress, providing valuable feedback to healthcare professionals. Despite their potential, the use of UCNPs in wound dressing applications faces several challenges. Ensuring the stability and biocompatibility of UCNPs under physiological conditions is crucial for their effective integration into dressings. Comprehensive safety and efficacy evaluations are necessary to understand potential risks and optimize UCNP-based dressings. Scalability and cost-effectiveness of UCNP synthesis and manufacturing processes are important considerations for practical applications. In addition, efficient incorporation of UCNPs into dressings, achieving uniform distribution, poses an important challenge that needs to be addressed. Future research should prioritize addressing concerns regarding stability and biocompatibility, efficient integration into dressings, rigorous safety evaluation, scalability, and cost-effectiveness. The purpose of this review is to critically evaluate the advantages, challenges, and key properties of UCNPs in wound dressing applications to provide insights into their potential as innovative solutions for enhancing wound healing outcomes. We have provided a detailed description of various types of smart wound dressings, focusing on the synthesis and biomedical applications of UCNPs, specifically their utilization in different types of wound dressings. In this review, we aim to showcase the potential and benefits of up-conversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) in advanced wound care applications.
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    Graphene- and MXene-based materials for neuroscience: diagnostic and therapeutic applications
    (Royal Soc Chemistry, 2023) Zarepour, Atefeh; Karasu, Cimen; Mir, Yousof; Nematollahi, Mohammad Hadi; Iravani, Siavash; Zarrabi, Ali
    MXenes and graphene are two-dimensional materials that have gained increasing attention in neuroscience, particularly in sensing, theranostics, and biomedical engineering. Various composites of graphene and MXenes with fascinating thermal, optical, magnetic, mechanical, and electrical properties have been introduced to develop advanced nanosystems for diagnostic and therapeutic applications, as exemplified in the case of biosensors for neurotransmitter detection. These biosensors display high sensitivity, selectivity, and stability, making them promising tools for neuroscience research. MXenes have been employed to create high-resolution neural interfaces for neuroelectronic devices, develop neuro-receptor-mediated synapse devices, and stimulate the electrophysiological maturation of neural circuits. On the other hand, graphene/derivatives exhibit therapeutic applicability in neuroscience, as exemplified in the case of graphene oxide for targeted delivery of therapeutic agents to the brain. While MXenes and graphene have potential benefits in neuroscience, there are also challenges/limitations associated with their use, such as toxicity, environmental impacts, and limited understanding of their properties. In addition, large-scale production and commercialization as well as optimization of reaction/synthesis conditions and clinical translation studies are very important aspects. Thus, it is important to consider the use of these materials in neuroscience research and conduct further research to obtain an in-depth understanding of their properties and potential applications. By addressing issues related to biocompatibility, long-term stability, targeted delivery, electrical interfaces, scalability, and cost-effectiveness, MXenes and graphene have the potential to greatly advance the field of neuroscience and pave the way for innovative diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for neurological disorders. Herein, recent advances in therapeutic and diagnostic applications of graphene- and MXene-based materials in neuroscience are discussed, focusing on important challenges and future prospects. Therapeutic and diagnostic applications of graphene- and MXene-based materials in neuroscience are deliberated, focusing on important challenges and future prospects.
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    Innovative approaches for cancer treatment: graphene quantum dots for photodynamic and photothermal therapies
    (Royal Soc Chemistry, 2024) Zarepour, Atefeh; Khosravi, Arezoo; Yuecel Ayten, Necla; cakir Hatir, Pinar; Iravani, Siavash; Zarrabi, Ali
    Graphene quantum dots (GQDs) hold great promise for photodynamic and photothermal cancer therapies. Their unique properties, such as exceptional photoluminescence, photothermal conversion efficiency, and surface functionalization capabilities, make them attractive candidates for targeted cancer treatment. GQDs have a high photothermal conversion efficiency, meaning they can efficiently convert light energy into heat, leading to localized hyperthermia in tumors. By targeting the tumor site with laser irradiation, GQD-based nanosystems can induce selective cancer cell destruction while sparing healthy tissues. In photodynamic therapy, light-sensitive compounds known as photosensitizers are activated by light of specific wavelengths, generating reactive oxygen species that induce cancer cell death. GQD-based nanosystems can act as excellent photosensitizers due to their ability to absorb light across a broad spectrum; their nanoscale size allows for deeper tissue penetration, enhancing the therapeutic effect. The combination of photothermal and photodynamic therapies using GQDs holds immense potential in cancer treatment. By integrating GQDs into this combination therapy approach, researchers aim to achieve enhanced therapeutic efficacy through synergistic effects. However, biodistribution and biodegradation of GQDs within the body present a significant hurdle to overcome, as ensuring their effective delivery to the tumor site and stability during treatment is crucial for therapeutic efficacy. In addition, achieving precise targeting specificity of GQDs to cancer cells is a challenging task that requires further exploration. Moreover, improving the photothermal conversion efficiency of GQDs, controlling reactive oxygen species generation for photodynamic therapy, and evaluating their long-term biocompatibility are all areas that demand attention. Scalability and cost-effectiveness of GQD synthesis methods, as well as obtaining regulatory approval for clinical applications, are also hurdles that need to be addressed. Further exploration of GQDs in photothermal and photodynamic cancer therapies holds promise for advancements in targeted drug delivery, personalized medicine approaches, and the development of innovative combination therapies. The purpose of this review is to critically examine the current trends and advancements in the application of GQDs in photothermal and photodynamic cancer therapies, highlighting their potential benefits, advantages, and future perspectives as well as addressing the crucial challenges that need to be overcome for their practical application in targeted cancer therapy. Recent advancements pertaining to the application of GQD-based nanosystems in photothermal and photodynamic cancer therapies are discussed, highlighting crucial challenges, advantages, and future perspectives.
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    MOFs and MOF-Based Composites as Next-Generation Materials for Wound Healing and Dressings
    (Wiley-V C H Verlag Gmbh, 2024) Bigham, Ashkan; Islami, Negar; Khosravi, Arezoo; Zarepour, Atefeh; Iravani, Siavash; Zarrabi, Ali
    In recent years, there has been growing interest in developing innovative materials and therapeutic strategies to enhance wound healing outcomes, especially for chronic wounds and antimicrobial resistance. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) represent a promising class of materials for next-generation wound healing and dressings. Their high surface area, pore structures, stimuli-responsiveness, antibacterial properties, biocompatibility, and potential for combination therapies make them suitable for complex wound care challenges. MOF-based composites promote cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and matrix synthesis, acting as carriers for bioactive molecules and promoting tissue regeneration. They also have stimuli-responsivity, enabling photothermal therapies for skin cancer and infections. Herein, a critical analysis of the current state of research on MOFs and MOF-based composites for wound healing and dressings is provided, offering valuable insights into the potential applications, challenges, and future directions in this field. This literature review has targeted the multifunctionality nature of MOFs in wound-disease therapy and healing from different aspects and discussed the most recent advancements made in the field. In this context, the potential reader will find how the MOFs contributed to this field to yield more effective, functional, and innovative dressings and how they lead to the next generation of biomaterials for skin therapy and regeneration. Recent advancements pertaining to the applications of MOFs and their composites for wound healing and dressings are deliberated, with the purpose of identifying knowledge gaps, evaluating challenges, and guiding future directions in the field. image
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    MXene-based biosensors for selective detection of pathogenic viruses and bacteria
    (Elsevier, 2023) Sezen, Serap; Zarepour, Atefeh; Zarrabi, Ali; Iravani, Siavash
    The design of advanced MXene-based biosensors with high sensitivity and selectivity can revolutionize the manufacturing industry of biosensors for early detection of biomarkers in molecular and clinical diagnostics, monitoring disease progression, and drug discovery. MXenes are a class of two-dimensional materials with interesting properties such as good biocompatibility, ideal mechanical features, good thermal and mechanical conductivities, large surface area, high transmittance ability, enhanced chemical stability, hydrophilicity, wear resistance, and high stability in oxygen free and dry environments. MXene-based biosensors have been developed for the detection of pathogenic viruses and bacteria. Their capabilities to detect pathogenic viruses and bacteria with high sensitivity and accuracy, inactivate viruses/bacteria, and immobilize a large number of biomolecules make them an attractive option for developing biosensors and other diagnostic tools. Herein, the current state-ofthe-art advancements in the use of MXene-based biosensors for the specific detection of pathogenic viruses and bacteria, as well as their developmental challenges and future perspectives are deliberated. Undoubtedly, the unique properties of MXenes make them ideal for immobilizing biomolecules and detecting target analytes. Ongoing research is focused on optimizing the performance of MXene-based biosensors and expanding their applications to other areas of biosensing.
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    MXene-based nano(bio)sensors for the detection of biomarkers: A move towards intelligent sensors
    (Elsevier, 2024) Khorsandi, Danial; Yang, Jia-Wei; Ulker, Zeynep; Bayraktaroglu, Kenz; Zarepour, Atefeh; Iravani, Siavash; Khosravi, Arezoo
    MXene-based nano(bio)sensors have emerged as promising tools for detecting different biomarkers. These sensors utilize MXene materials, a class of two-dimensional transition metal carbides, nitrides, and carbonitrides, to enable highly sensitive and selective detection. One of the key advantages of MXene-based materials is their high surface area, allowing for efficient immobilization of biomolecules. They also exhibit excellent electrical conductivity, enabling rapid and sensitive detection of biomarkers. The combination of high surface area and conductivity makes MXene-based sensors ideal for detecting biomarkers at low concentrations. Furthermore, MXene-based materials possess unique mechanical properties, ensuring the durability of the sensors. This durability enables repeated use without compromising the sensor performance, making MXene-based sensors suitable for continuous monitoring applications. Despite their advantages, MXene-based nano(bio)sensors face certain challenges for practical biomedical and clinical applications. One challenge lies in the synthesis of MXene materials, which can be complex and time-consuming. Developing scalable synthesis methods is crucial to enable large-scale production and widespread use of MXene-based sensors. In addition, ensuring the stability of MXene layers under various environmental conditions remains a challenge for their practical application. Another limitation is the specificity of MXene-based sensors towards targeted biomarkers. Interfering substances or crossreactivity with similar biomolecules can lead to false-positive or false-negative results. Enhancing the selectivity of MXene-based sensors through optimization and functionalization is essential to improve their reliability and accuracy. The integration of these sensors with emerging technologies, such as artificial intelligence (AI) and internet of things, opens up new possibilities in biomarker detection. The combination of MXene sensors with AI algorithms can enable real-time monitoring, remote data analysis, and personalized healthcare solutions. Herein, the significant challenges and future prospects of MXene-based nano(bio)sensors for the detection of biomarkers are deliberated. The key obstacles have been highlighted, such as ensuring the stability and biocompatibility of MXene-based sensors, as well as addressing scalability issues. The promising future prospects of these sensors have also been explored, including their potential for high sensitivity, selectivity, and rapid response.
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    Self-healing MXene-and graphene-based composites : properties and applications
    (Springer, 2023) Zarepour, Atefeh; Ahmadi, Sepideh; Rabiee, Navid; Zarrabi, Ali; Iravani, Siavash
    Today, self-healing graphene- and MXene-based composites have attracted researchers due to the increase in durability as well as the cost reduction in long-time applications. Different studies have focused on designing novel self-healing graphene- and MXene-based composites with enhanced sensitivity, stretchability, and flexibility as well as improved electrical conductivity, healing efficacy, mechanical properties, and energy conversion efficacy. These composites with self-healing properties can be employed in the field of wearable sensors, supercapacitors, anticorrosive coatings, electromagnetic interference shielding, electronic-skin, soft robotics, etc. However, it appears that more explorations are still needed to achieve composites with excellent arbitrary shape adaptability, suitable adhesiveness, ideal durability, high stretchability, immediate self-healing responsibility, and outstanding electromagnetic features. Besides, optimizing reaction/synthesis conditions and finding suitable strategies for functionalization/modification are crucial aspects that should be comprehensively investigated. MXenes and graphene exhibited superior electrochemical properties with abundant surface terminations and great surface area, which are important to evolve biomedical and sensing applications. However, flexibility and stretchability are important criteria that need to be improved for their future applications. Herein, the most recent advancements pertaining to the applications and properties of self-healing graphene- and MXene-based composites are deliberated, focusing on crucial challenges and future perspectives.
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    Sustainable synthesis: natural processes shaping the nanocircular economy
    (Royal Soc Chemistry, 2024) Khosravi, Arezoo; Zarepour, Atefeh; Iravani, Siavash; Varma, Rajender S.; Zarrabi, Ali
    Sustainable synthesis in nano domain refers to the development of nanomaterials through deployment of natural processes and principles to minimize the use of hazardous materials and reduce the generation of waste. This method aims to mitigate the environmental impact associated with traditional synthesis methods wherein natural processes, such as biomineralization and self-assembly, offer valuable insights into the nanocircular economy (NE) thus creating numerous benefits. Firstly, it reduces the environmental footprint of nanotechnology by minimizing energy consumption and waste generation. Secondly, it promotes the efficient use of resources by incorporating principles of recycling and reusability. By mimicking natural processes, various nanomaterials can be created, which are biocompatible, biodegradable, and less harmful to the environment. However, challenges such as scale-up, cost, regulatory frameworks, and material selection ought to be addressed to ensure their widespread adoption. The prospects for sustainable synthesis in the NE are promising, with potential advancements in advanced materials, and the integration of circular economy concepts into nanomedicine, and environmental appliances; its future lies in bioinspired synthesis, adherence to green chemistry principles, waste recycling and up-cycling, energy-efficient techniques, life cycle assessment (LCA), and multi-disciplinary collaborations. This review seeks to contribute to the existing knowledge and understanding of sustainable synthesis and its impact on shaping eco-friendlier and resource-efficient NE by describing the methodology involved and discuss the benefits, challenges, and future opportunities emphasizing the importance of sustainability and responsible practices in development of nanomaterials. This perspective aims to shed light on the transformative potential of sustainable synthesis in guiding the transition towards circular economy conceptions in the nanotechnology domain.