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    Interpreting Industrial IoT Data Streams Through Fuzzy Querying With Hysteretic Fuzzy Sets on Apache Kafka
    (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2024) Malysiak Mrozek, Bozena; Ryba, Bartlomiej; Moleda, Marek; Hung, Che Lun; Pedrycz, Witold; Ding, Weiping; Mrozek, Dariusz
    In industrial settings, querying data streams from Internet of Things (IoT) devices benefits from utilizing elastic criteria to enhance the interpretability of the current state of the monitored environment. Fuzzy sets provide this elasticity, enabling the aggregation and representation of similar values in a human-comprehensible manner. However, many sensor signals exhibit temporal oscillations, leading to varying interpretations of the signal based on its current trend (rising or falling). This hysteresis in signal (and subsequently of the production device) interpretation inspired us to introduce this phenomenon into data stream processing, resulting in the novel concept of hysteretic fuzzy sets. This article demonstrates how fuzzy searching and grouping can be applied to IoT sensor signals in flexible Big Data stream processing on Apache Kafka. We illustrate the impact of data stream querying with KSQL queries involving fuzzy sets (encompassing fuzzy filtering of data stream events, fuzzy transformation of data stream attributes, fuzzy grouping, and joining) on the flexibility of executed operations and computational resources utilized by the Kafka processing engine. Finally, our experiments with hysteretic fuzzy sets while analyzing sensor signals in power plants demonstrate that this novel approach effectively reduces the number of alarms while monitoring the state of the production machine. © 1993-2012 IEEE.