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    Expectation maximization—vector approximate message passing based generalized linear model for channel estimation in intelligent reflecting surface-assisted millimeter multi-user multiple-input multiple-output systems
    (PeerJ Inc., 2025) Shoukath, Ali K.; Sajan, Philip P.; Khan, Arfat Ahmad; Moses, Leeban; Cengiz, Korhan; Akleylek, Sedat
    Channel estimation poses a main challenge in intelligent reflecting surface (IRS)assisted millimeter wave (mmWave) multi-user multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems due to the substantial number of antennas at the base station (BS) and the passive reflective elements within the IRS lacking sufficient signal processing capabilities. This article addresses this challenge by proposing a channel estimation technique for IRS-assisted mmWave MIMO systems. The problem of channel estimation is normally taken as a compressed sensing (CS) problem, typically addressed through algorithms such as Orthogonal Matching Pursuit (OMP), Generalized Approximate Message Passing (GAMP), and Vector Approximate Message Passing with Expectation-Maximization (EM-VAMP). EM-VAMP demonstrates better performance only when a Gaussian mixture (GM) distribution is chosen as the prior for the sparse channel, especially at high signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs). To address this, the article introduces the application of generalized linear models (GLMs), extensions of standard linear models, providing increased flexibility in modeling data that deviates from Gaussian distribution. Numerical results unveil that the proposed Its EM-VAMP-GLM is much more robust to the existing OMP, GAMP and EM-LAMP algorithms. Copyright 2025 K et al. Distributed under Creative Commons CC-BY 4.0