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    CO2 reduction in a common rail direct injection engine using the combined effect of low carbon biofuels, hydrogen and a post combustion carbon capture system
    (Taylor & Francis, 2021) Varuvel, Edwin Geo; Thiyagarajan, S.; Sonthalia, Ankit; Prakash, T.; Awad, Sary; Aloui, Fethi; Pugazhendhi, Arivalagan
    The transportation sector is a major emitter of carbon dioxide emissions. It is a known fact that carbon dioxide is the cause of global warming which has resulted in extreme weather conditions as well as climate change. In this study a combination of different methods of expediting the CO2 emission from a single cylinder common rail direct injection (CRDI) engine has been explored. The methods include use of low carbon content biofuels (lemon peel oil (LPO) and camphor oil (CMO), inducing hydrogen in the intake manifold and zeolite based after-treatment system. Initial engine operation with the low carbon content biofuel blends resulted in reduced smoke and CO2 emissions. Substitution of the blends with hydrogen further assisted in decrease in emission and improvement in engine efficiency. Later on in the exhaust pipe an after-treatment system containing zeolite was placed. The emissions were found to reduce even further and at full load condition the lowest CO2 (39.7% reduction) and smoke (49% reduction) emissions were observed with LPO blend and hydrogen induction. The NO emission with hydrogen induction increases for both the blends, however, it was seen that the zeolite based treatment system was effective in reducing the emission as well. As compared to baseline diesel, the maximum reduction in NO emission was 23% at full load with LPO blend, hydrogen induction and after-treatment system.
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    Effect of hydrogen on compression-ignition (CI) engine fueled with vegetable oil/biodiesel from various feedstocks: A review
    (Elsevier Ltd., 2022) Thiyagarajan, S.; Varuvel, EdwinGeo; Karthickeyan, V.; Sonthalia, Ankit; Kumar, Gopalakrishnan; Saravanan, C.G.; Dhinesh, B.; Pugazhendhi, Arivalagan
    Compression ignition (CI) engines used in the transportation sector operates on fossil diesel and is one of the biggest causes of air pollution. Numerous studies were carried out over last two decades to substitute the fossil diesel with biofuels so that the net carbon dioxide (CO2) emission can be minimized. However, the engine performance with these fuel was sub-standard and there were many long-term issues. Therefore, many researchers inducted hydrogen along with the biofuels. The present study gives an outlook on the effect of hydrogen addition with biodiesel/vegetable oil from various sources in CI engine. Engine parameters (brake thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption), combustion parameters (in-cylinder pressure and heat release rate) and emission parameters (unburned hydrocarbon (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and smoke emissions) were evaluated in detail. The results show that hydrogen induction in general improves the engine performance as compared to biodiesel/vegetable oil but it is similar/lower than diesel. Except NOx emissions all other emissions showed a decreasing trend with hydrogen addition. To counter this effect numerous after-treatment systems like selective catalytic reduction (SCR), exhaust gas recirculation (EGR), selective non-catalytic reduction system (SNCR) and non-selective catalytic reduction system (NSCR) were proposed by researchers which were also studied in this review.
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    Moving ahead from hydrogen to methanol economy: scope and challenges
    (Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2021) Sonthalia, Ankit; Kumar, Naveen; Tomar, Mukul; Varuvel, Edwin Geo; Subramanian, Thiyagarajan; Pugazhendhi, Arivalagan
    Abstract: Energy is the driver in the economic development of any country. However, most of the developing countries do not have sufficient oil reserves to cater to their energy requirement and depend upon oil producing countries. The perturbations in the crude oil price and adverse environmental impacts from fossil fuel usage are the biggest concern. Therefore, developing countries have started investing heavily in solar and wind power and are considering hydrogen as a future energy resource. However, to tap the potential of hydrogen as a fuel, an entirely new infrastructure will be needed for transporting, storing and dispensing it safely, which would be expensive. In the transportation sector, a liquid alternate to fossil fuels will be highly desirable as the existing infrastructure can be used with minor modifications. Among the possible liquid fuels, methanol is very promising. Methanol is a single carbon atom compound and can be produced from wide variety of sources such as natural gas, coal and biomass. The properties of methanol are conducive for use in gasoline engines since it has high octane number and flame speed. Other possible uses of methanol are: as a cooking fuel in rural areas and as a fuel for running the fuel cells. The present study reviews the limitations in the hydrogen economy and why moving toward methanol economy is more beneficial. Graphic Abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.]
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    Nanofluids as a coolant for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells: Recent trends, challenges, and future perspectives
    (Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2023) Madheswaran, Dinesh Kumar; Vengatesan, S.; Varuvel, Edwin Geo; Praveenkumar, T.; Jegadheeswaran, Selvaraj; Pugazhendhi, Arivalagan; Arulmozhivarman, J.
    In this comprehensive review, we critically examine the application of nanofluids as coolants in PEMFCs, explicitly focusing on elucidating their thermal efficiency enhancement mechanisms. In addition to the existing research, the significant areas critically reviewed include the influence of nanoparticle size and concentration, surface modification techniques, characterization methods, nanofluid stability under different conditions, nanofluid behavior in various flow regimes, and the impact of nanofluids on system performance and efficiency. A meticulous analysis of the most recent studies involving single nanofluids (Al2O3, SiO2, TiO2, ZnO, BN) and hybrid nanofluids (CuFeAl, Al2O3:SiO2, Bio glycol+Al2O3:SiO2, TiO2:SiO2) underscores their potential to revolutionize PEMFC cooling systems. Findings reveal that nanofluids exhibit remarkable enhancements in heat transfer, offering a 20-27% reduction in radiator size compared to traditional coolants. The science underpinning this enhancement is multifaceted, characterized by self-deionization phenomena, nanoparticle dispersion stability via Brownian motion, and unprecedented inter-atomic interactions. Notably, nanofluids effectively eliminate particle sedimentation and coagulation, ensuring sustained heat transfer performance over extended operational periods. However, several challenges are observed, such as the limited exploration of electrical conductivity, which occurred because of the correlation between the net-charge influence of the suspended particle and electrical double layer (EDL) behavior. Furthermore, understanding and utilizing smart nanofluids and nanobubbles demand rigorous investigation for optimal cooling strategies. Future research should focus on standardizing nanofluid synthesis and characterization protocols, elucidating the underlying heat transfer mechanisms, addressing cost and scalability issues, and ensuring nanofluids' durability in PEMFCs. The review's timeliness lies in its relevance to the current advancements and challenges in the field, offering valuable insights for researchers and practitioners working in the thermal management of PEMFC.
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    A systematic review on biofuel production and utilization from algae and waste feedstocks- a circular economy approach
    (Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2024) Praveena, V.; Martin, Leenus Jesu; Matijosius, Jonas; Aloui, Fethi; Pugazhendhi, Arivalagan; Varuvel, Edwin Geo
    Energy demand on a global measure grows continuously due to increased population, industrialization and economic growth. Fossil fuel resources that are currently available are definitely not sufficient to meet the growing demand. In addition, the continuous emissions from automobiles and industrial sectors should be attended to so that a complete remedial and sustainable alternative for fossil fuels is obtained. The appropriate replacement for fossil fuel is biofuel, as they are renewable and eco-friendly. First generation and second generation biodiesel derived from various sources are extensively researched and experimented practically by the past researchers. This article summarizes a continuous and comprehensive assessment of different feedstocks needed for third and fourth generations of biodiesel. Various sources of feedstock, steps for biodiesel production, yield of biodiesel obtained through different methods, properties of biodiesel like fatty acid profile, density, viscosity, cetane number, flash point, cloud point, economic feasibility and considerations are also discussed. Third generation biodiesel like microalgae can be widely used in CI engines. It is observed that their performance and combustion analysis in a CI engine is determined by the physico chemical properties of obtained biodiesel and nature of feedstock. Species selection and cultivation methods of microalgae, future perspectives of cultivating techniques and lipid production are summarized in detail. Fourth generation biodiesel like solar fuels and synthetic biomass production are covered, though their application in various energy fields is still not revealed. The type of transesterification that best suits the free fatty acid profile of fuel is selected and other reaction parameters like reaction time, reaction temperature, catalyst quantity and oil methanol molar ratio are explained individually for third generation feedstocks. Proper adoption of suitable methods would help in yielding the maximum biodiesel. Future energy demand can be dealt with by the combination of various third and fourth generation oil feedstocks.