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    EEG theta and alpha responses in patients with parkinson's disease with and without hallucinations
    (Science Direct, 2018) Güntekin, B.; Yıldırım, E.; Aktürk, T.; Helvacı Yılmaz, N.; Uysal Kaba, R.; Rusen, E.; Özer, F.; Hanoğlu, L.
    Hallucinations in Parkinson ‘s disease (PD) could affect about one-quarter of the patients. There are limited studies on how the hallucinations effect cognitive states of the patients with Parkinson’s disease.
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    Frontal theta response in parkinson's disease during auditory and visual cognitive paradigms
    (Science Direct, 2018) Yıldırım, E.; Hanoğlu, L.; Aktürk, T.; Helvacı Yılmaz, N.; Uysal Kaba, Reyyan; Rusen, E.; Güntekin, B.
    Introduction: Cognitive Impairment in Parkinson’s disease could occur by the progression of the disease. Event-related theta responses in the frontal region is strongly connected with cognitive processes. Increase of theta response during increased cognitive load is a robust finding. The decrease theta phase-locking and theta power was found in the patient groups which had cognitive decline. The aim of the present study is to investigate the event-related theta responses in Parkinson Patients with and without cognitive deficits during auditory and visual cognitive paradigms. Methods: Three different group of Parkinson’s disease patients were included in the study. 15 PD patients without cognitive deficits, 23 PD patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), 11 PD patients with dementia, and 18 aged-matched healthy controls (HC) were included in the study. The mean of Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores was 28,00±1,25 for the HC group, 26,80±1,90 for the PD group, 22,56±5,32 for the PD-MCI group, and 18,82±3,74 for the PD-Dementia group. EEG was recorded at 8 different frontal locations (F3-F4, F7-F8, FC3-FC4, and FT7-FT8). Auditory and visual oddball paradigms were applied during EEG recordings. Phase-locking analysis (Inter-trial coherence) and event related power spectrum were analyzed for theta (4-7 Hz) frequency band for all subject groups for both “target” and non-target” stimulations. Results: In accordance with the previous studies target stimulation elicited higher theta phase-locking and theta power than the non-target stimulation (p<0.05 for both comparisons). Group difference were significant, HC group had higher theta phase-locking and theta power than the PD-MCI group and PD-Dementia group. Furthermore, PD group had higher theta phase locking and theta power than the PD-Dementia group. There were no difference, between HC group and PD group and between PD-MCI group and PD-Dementia group. Discussion: The present study once more showed the essential role of frontal theta response during cognitive processes. Frontal theta responses were increased during “target “stimulation both in auditory and visual oddball paradigms. PD patients with cognitive deficits (both PD-MCI and PD-Dementia) had reduced frontal theta response in comparison to healthy controls. Furthermore, PD patients with dementia had reduced frontal theta response in comparison to PD patients without cognitive deficits.