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    A Deep Analysis of CPW-fed Planar Antennas for Frequencies 2.6 Up to 13.6 GHz
    (Wydawnictwo Sigma-Not Sp Zoo, 2023) Al-Gburi, Ahmed Jamal Abdullah; Zakaria, Zahriladha; Ibrahim, Imran Mohd; Khabba, Asma; Al-Obaidi, Aymen Dheyaa Khaleel; Saeidi, Tale; Paul, Liton Chandra
    This paper presents a deep analysis of coplanar waveguide (CPW) feed Planar antenna for frequencies from 2.6 GHz up to 13.6 GHz, which covers the authorised Ultra-wideband (UWB) from 3.1-10.6GHz and the X-band from 8-12GHz applications. The Parametric analysis will help the researchers understand antenna parameters' effects on the reflection coefficient (S11) variations. These important parameters are the length of the CPW fed (Cl), the width of the substrate (W), the width of the feed-line (Wf) and the gap between the feed-line and CPW disk (g). The total physical planar antenna dimension is 26 mm x 26mm x 1.6 mm, corresponding to the centre frequency range at 7.5 GHz. The UWB CPW planar antenna is fed via a coplanar waveguide (CPW) to attain the best impedance matching for UWB systems. The presented CPW planar antenna has an impedance UWB bandwidth of 11.0 GHz from 2.6 GHz up to 13.6 GHz at -10 dB return loss. The simulated UWB planar antenna displays an omnidirectional radiation behaviour with a simulated gain of 7.3 dB at 13.6 GHz, a directivity of 7.5 dBi at 13.6 GHz and favourable radiation efficiency of 97%. The presented antenna has the specialised prospect to be used for UWB and X-band systems.
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    Health Control of Tree Trunk Utilizing Microwave Imaging and Reverse Problem Algorithms
    (Amer Chemical Soc, 2023) Alhawari, Adam R. H.; Saeidi, Tale; Ismail, Idris; Alsuwian, Turki; Al-Gburi, Ahmed Jamal Abdullah
    The voids in their trunk significantly affect tropical trees' health. Both the wood and timber industries may face substantial financial losses because of the lack of an effective technique to inspect the defected trees through deep zonal monitoring. Microwave imaging offers the advantages of mobility, processing time, compactness, and resolution over alternative imaging methods. An ultra-wide band (UWB) imaging system consisting of UWB antennas and a reverse problem algorithm is proposed. Several conditions, such as the size of trunk samples (16-30 cm), number of targets, size of voids, heterogeneity of media, and number of layers, are considered in experimental studies. Based on these studies, cylindrical wooden models with 100 and 140 mm diameters, one void at the center, and three voids in different locations were 3D printed. After proving the system's ability through simulation and measurements on 3D models, a rubber-wood trunk with a length of 75 cm was cut into smaller pieces. The images created utilizing the measured data showed that the system could detect voids in the rubber trunk. Furthermore, the system indicated a high percentage of reliability and repeatability.
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    High gain couple feed multiband wearable antenna for 5g and sub-6 GHz communications
    (WILEY, 2022) Saeidi, Tale; Karamzadeh, Saeid
    A multi-band, small, high gain, low specific absorption rate (SAR), and circularly polarized (CP) textile wearable antenna fed using aperture coupled technique is designed on two layers of denim (epsilon r=1.2$$ {\boldsymbol{\varepsilon}}_{\boldsymbol{r}}=\mathbf{1.2} $$, h = 0.787 mm as feeding layer) and felt (epsilon r=1.3$$ {\boldsymbol{\varepsilon}}_{\boldsymbol{r}}=\mathbf{1.3} $$, h = 1.5 mm as a resonating layer) textile substrates. The antenna is designed on two layers with two relative permittivities to enhance the BW and reduce the negative mutual coupling. Afterward, another layer of denim with the complete ground of ShieldIt conductor is added to decrease the SAR value along with the directive gain. The antenna works for Industrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM), 5G, and sub-6 GHz communication systems as it operates at 2.45-2.55 GHz and 3.8 GHz (3.6-4.15 GHz), and 5.6 GHz (5.55-5.65 GHz), respectively. The proposed antenna has the maximum directive gain of 8.35 dBi, acceptable SAR values at a 10 mm distance from the human body for both standards. In addition, the antenna's CP is examined, showing AR values of <2.5 dB at the working BW. Finally, the proposed antenna is measured and compared with the simulation results. A good agreement exists between simulation and measurement results.
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    High gain wide band flexible leaky wave MIMO antenna for AIP applications
    (IEEE, 2022) Saeidi, Tale; Karamzadeh, Saeid
    A four-port flexible Leaky Wave Antenna (LWA) is designed in the D-band to obtain a pencil beam radiation pattern with consistent gain and miniaturized size for Antenna in Package (AiP) applications. It is designed on a polyimide substrate with dielectric constant of 3.5, tangent loss of 0.006, and thickness of 10 mu m. It consists of two rectangular patches fed through the Coplanar Waveguide (CPW) feeding technique. It also combines transverse and longitudinal slots on the rectangular patches to create circular polarization and improve the open stop-band issue of the LWAs. In addition, a matching element is utilized at each feeding, and then the feed line is cut by H-slots to improve the mutual coupling of the antenna. The proposed antenna offers a wide Bandwidth (BW) of 110- 135 GHz with small dimensions of 6 x 7 mm(2). The main beam scans from -87 degrees at 110 GHz to 0 degrees at 130 GHz. The simulated peak gain of 14.8 dBic is obtained in an almost broadside direction at 115 GHz.
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    A Miniaturized and Highly Sensitive Microwave Sensor Based on CSRR for Characterization of Liquid Materials
    (Mdpi, 2023) Al-Gburi, Ahmed Jamal Abdullah; Zakaria, Zahriladha; Abd Rahman, Norhanani; Althuwayb, Ayman A.; Ibrahim, Imran Mohd; Saeidi, Tale; Dayo, Zaheer Ahmed
    In this work, a miniaturized and highly sensitive microwave sensor based on a complementary split-ring resonator (CSRR) is proposed for the detection of liquid materials. The modeled sensor was designed based on the CSRR structure with triple rings (TRs) and a curve feed for improved measurement sensitivity. The designed sensor oscillates at a single frequency of 2.5 GHz, which is simulated using an Ansys HFSS simulator. The electromagnetic simulation explains the basis of the mode resonance of all two-port resonators. Five variations of the liquid media under tests (MUTs) are simulated and measured. These liquid MUTs are as follows: without a sample (without a tube), air (empty tube), ethanol, methanol, and distilled water (DI). A detailed sensitivity calculation is performed for the resonance band at 2.5 GHz. The MUTs mechanism is performed with a polypropylene tube (PP). The samples of dielectric material are filled into PP tube channels and loaded into the CSRR center hole; the E-fields around the sensor affect the relationship with the liquid MUTs, resulting in a high Q-factor value. The final sensor has a Q-factor value and sensitivity of 520 and 7.032 (MHz)/e(r)) at 2.5 GHz, respectively. Due to the high sensitivity of the presented sensor for characterizing various liquid penetrations, the sensor is also of interest for accurate estimations of solute concentrations in liquid media. Finally, the relationship between the permittivity and Q-factor value at the resonant frequency is derived and investigated. These given results make the presented resonator ideal for the characterization of liquid materials.
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    A Miniaturized Full-Ground Dual-Band MIMO Spiral Button Wearable Antenna for 5G and Sub-6 GHz Communications
    (Mdpi, 2023) Saeidi, Tale; Al-Gburi, Ahmed Jamal Abdullah; Karamzadeh, Saeid
    A detachable miniaturized three-element spirals radiator button antenna integrated with a compact leaky-wave wearable antenna forming a dual-band three-port antenna is proposed. The leaky-wave antenna is fabricated on a denim (epsilon(r) = 1.6, tan delta = 0.006) textile substrate with dimensions of 0.37 lambda(0) x 0.25 lambda(0) x 0.01 lambda(0) mm(3) and a detachable rigid button of 20 mm diameter (on a PTFE substrate epsilon(r) = 2.01, tan delta = 0.001). It augments users' comfort, making it one of the smallest to date in the literature. The designed antenna, with 3.25 to 3.65 GHz and 5.4 to 5.85 GHz operational bands, covers the wireless local area network (WLAN) frequency (5.1-5.5 GHz), the fifth-generation (5G) communication band. Low mutual coupling between the ports and the button antenna elements ensures high diversity performance. The performance of the specific absorption rate (SAR) and the envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) are also examined. The simulation and measurement findings agree well. Low SAR, <-0.05 of LCC, more than 9.5 dBi diversity gain, dual polarization, and strong isolation between every two ports all point to the proposed antenna being an ideal option for use as a MIMO antenna for communications.
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    A Miniaturized Multi-Frequency Wide-Band Leaky Wave Button Antenna for ISM/5G Communications and WBAN Applications
    (Amer Geophysical Union, 2023) Saeidi, Tale; Karamzadeh, Saeid
    A low-profile multi-frequency leaky wave button antenna for body-centric communications is presented. A leaky wave antenna loaded with U-slots (a combination of U-slots and slits) and tapered slot structures to improve the radiation efficiency, broadside radiation pattern, and widen the steering range is designed. Furthermore, it comprises a whole ground to meet the Specific Absorption Rate standard requirements based on the known standards. The antenna's performances are examined for on and off-body conditions. For demonstration, a prototype is implemented, and the measurement is performed on the chest. The antenna operates at multi bands of 1.7-3.3 GHz (Industrial, Scientific, and Medical and 5G communication) and 4.15-10 GHz (sub-6 GHz and X-band communications). The peak gains of 6.9 and 8.2 dBi were obtained for on and off- body conditions, respectively. Furthermore, the antenna offers maximum radiation efficiencies of 89.3% and 99.3% for on-body and free-space conditions. The specific absorption rate (SAR) values obtained for body-centric communications meet the regulation requirements (e.g., on body tissue at 3.2 GHz, it is 0.78 (1 g) and 0.44 (10 g) W/kg). With an overall miniaturized size, the proposed button antenna could be integrated with clothes. In addition, a multi-wide bandwidth, circularly polarized radiation, a small size, high efficiency and gain, and low SAR values prove that the proposed antenna can be a potential candidate for wireless body area network and simultaneous wireless information and power transfer applications.