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    Combustion analysis of higher order alcohols blended gasoline in a spark ignition engine using endoscopic visualization technique
    (Elsevier Ltd, 2022) Vikneswaran, M.; Saravanan, C.G.; Sasikala, J.; Ramesh, P.; Varuvel, Edwin Geo
    The experimental study was carried out on the port fuel injection system installed spark-ignition engine fuelled by 1.5%, 3%, and 5% higher order alcohol such as 1-hexanol and 2-heptanol blended gasoline. In this study, the endoscopic combustion visualization technique was employed to compare and analyze the changes observed in the spatial flame characteristics between the alcohol blends and sole gasoline. The Correlated Colour Temperature (CCT) method was used to predict the flame temperature distribution from the captured flame images. Also, the effect of blending alcohols on engine combustion, performance, and emission characteristics was studied. The endoscopic results revealed that the flame spread region with respect to different CA positions increases with the alcohol blending ratio in the sole gasoline at the early and middle stages of the combustion. Further, the engine characteristics study revealed that 5% hexanol and heptanol blends gave a brake thermal efficiency of 25.8% and 25.7%, respectively, which were higher than sole gasoline, having 24.8% at full load. In addition, it was observed that the early start of combustion (SoC) and a faster burn rate associated with alcohol blends raise the cylinder pressure and heat release rates (HRRs) and thereby result in higher peak pressure and HRR with slight advancement in the CA position. At 8 kW, the CO and HC emission of 5% 1-hexanol and 2-heptanol blends was decreased by about 10.3% and 13.7%, and 9.5% and 8%, respectively, and NO emission decreased slightly with a rise in alcohol concentration in the mix when compared to gasoline. © 2022 Elsevier Ltd
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    Exhaust emission control of SI engines using ZSM-5 zeolite supported bimetals as a catalyst synthesized from coal fly ash
    (Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2023) Rajakrishnamoorthy, P.; Saravanan, C. G.; Natarajan, Ramesh; Karthikeyan, D.; Sasikala, J.; Josephin, J. S. Femilda; Vikneswaran, M.
    This paper synthesizes ZSM-5 zeolite from coal fly ash and uses it as a catalyst for reduction of NOx emissions in gasoline powered engine. It suggests a mono and bimetallic doped zeolite coated in honeycomb structure cordierite monolith for effectively reducing the NOx emissions. The synthesized ZSM-5 zeolite was subjected to SEM, XRF and XRD analysis and compared with commercial ZSM-5 zeolite. The experimental study of measuring emissions using AVL DI-gas analyzer on a Tata nano twin-cylinder spark ignition engine clearly indicated that inhouse made bimetallic of Ce.Cu-ZSM5 and Ce.Fe-ZSM5 were able to reduce the NOx by 69 % and 75 % at 16 kW. The NOx reductions were much better than those of the commercial catalytic converters.
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    Experimental investigations on in-cylinder flame and emission characteristics of butanol-gasoline blends in SI engine using combustion endoscopic system
    (Elsevier, 2024) Kumaravel, S.; Saravanan, C. G.; Raman, Vallinayagam; Vikneswaran, M.; Sasikala, J.; Josephin, J. S. Femilda; Alharbi, Sulaiman Ali
    The objective of this study is to characterize the in-cylinder flames of butanol-gasoline blends in a spark ignition (SI) engine. The experiments were performed using butanol-gasoline blends prepared in the ratio of 10:90, 20:80, and 30:70 by volume. The in-cylinder combustion was visualized and captured using a combustion endoscopic system. From the captured combustion images, spatial flame distribution was evaluated for butanol-gasoline fuel blends. Furthermore, combustion, emission, and performance characteristics were investigated in a SI engine for the same blends. The engine test results were rationalized from the flame characterization results of butanol-gasoline combustion to improve the fundamental understanding. The experimental outcome is that the flame spread region (%) was found to be higher for butanol blends when compared to sole gasoline fuel. The addition of butanol to gasoline increased the flame speed and consequently increased the combustion burn rate, as well as the pressure and heat release rate within the cylinder. The brake thermal efficiency of the engine increased with increasing butanol concentration in the blend. In addition, the butanol-gasoline blends showed decreased CO and HC emissions when compared to gasoline but reportedly increased NO emission for butanol-blended gasoline blend fuels. Overall, this study concludes that butanol has the potential to be used as a supplement to gasoline due to improved flame and engine characteristics and can be used in the conventional gasoline engine without any major engine modification.
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    A study on the feasibility of bergamot peel oil-gasoline blends for spark-ignition engines
    (Elsevier, 2022) Vikneswaran, M.; Saravanan, C.G.; Manickam, M.; Sasikala, J.; Joseph Shobana Bai, Femilda Josephin; Pugazhendhi, A.; Varuvel, E.G.
    In this research, an ample attempt was made to make use of oil extracted from bergamot fruit peel, which can be regarded as a renewable energy source. A systematic experimental approach was adopted to evaluate the feasibility of bergamot peel oil (BGT) as a substitute for gasoline fuel in spark-ignition (SI) engine applications. The oil derived from the rinds of the bergamot fruit was blended in gasoline on a volume basis in the ratios of 10:90, 20:80, 30:70, and 40:60 and experimentally tested in a multi-point fuel injection (MPFI) installed SI engine. The fuel properties of the BGT and its blends were tested. Endoscopic visualization technique was used to analyze the spatial flame distribution on a crank angle basis for the gasoline and bergamot blends. Also, the performance, combustion, and emission characteristics of bergamot-gasoline blends were evaluated, and the results were compared with sole gasoline at various engine brake powers. The endoscopic results revealed that bergamot-gasoline blends exhibited higher flame spread than sole gasoline. The performance study revealed that the brake thermal efficiency and specific fuel consumption exhibited by bergamot-gasoline blends were almost equivalent to that of sole gasoline. The mean in-cylinder pressure was marginally higher, and peak pressure crank angle degree was slightly advanced for bergamot-gasoline blends in comparison to that of gasoline fuel. With an increasing concentration of BGT in the blend, the hydrocarbon (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO) emission decreased at the expense of nitrogen oxides (NOx). Furthermore, BGT exhibits a research octane number (RON) of 80 and a calorific value comparable to that of gasoline, making it a potential candidate for SI engines. From the outcome of this study, it can be concluded that BGT could be a promising alternate biofuel for the partial replacement of gasoline in SI engines. © 2022 Elsevier Ltd