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Öğe A closer-look on W and Pb alloys: In-depth evaluation in elastic modulus, gamma-ray, and neutron attenuation for critical applications(Elsevier Science Sa, 2024) Almisned, Ghada; Susoy, Gulfem; Sen Baykal, Duygu; Alkarrani, Hessa; Guler, Omer; Tekin, H. O.This investigation assesses the gamma -ray and neutron attenuation properties of various alloys, including Pb90Cu10, A5, Manganin-R, Cu0.2Ag0.8, SA4, and W -based, to uncover efficient and cost-effective radiation shielding materials. Our study centers on alloys featuring elements such as lead, molybdenum, silver, and tungsten, selected for their unique protective qualities against radiation. Employing computational methods to evaluate critical parameters like mass attenuation coefficients, half -value layers, linear attenuation coefficients, and effective atomic numbers, transmission factor, we found the W -based alloy to exhibit exceptional shielding properties, primarily due to its tungsten content. Interestingly, this alloy also demonstrated the highest elastic modulus among the samples studied, indicating a potential synergy between an alloy's mechanical strength and its radiation shielding effectiveness. It can be concluded that alloys with higher elastic moduli not only offer better resistance to radiation -induced deformations, enhancing shielding, but also underscore the need for further research on alloys that balance performance, affordability, and environmental impact. The findings underscore the dual importance of composition and mechanical properties in advancing radiological safety and suggest continued investigation into the sustainability and practicality of effective shielding materials.Öğe A comparative analysis of shielding effectiveness in glass and concrete containers(De Gruyter Poland Sp Z O O, 2024) ALMmisned, Ghada; Sen Baykal, Duygu; Elshami, Wiam; Susoy, Gulfem; Kilic, Gokhan; Tekin, Huseyin OzanNuclear waste control and related equipment play a vital role in safeguarding human health and the environment from the potential dangers of radioactive waste. This study addresses the critical challenge of enhancing the shielding effectiveness of container materials for nuclear waste management, with a focus on comparing the attenuation properties of glass and concrete composites. Our analysis revealed that the copper oxide-reinforced borosilicate glass container demonstrated a significant transmission factor (TF) value decrease by approximately 15% compared to steel-magnetite concrete at 1.3325 MeV, with a standard deviation of +/- 1.5%, indicating its lower protective characteristics. Nonetheless, it exhibited a 10% higher TF reduction compared to the cement-bitumen mix at the same energy level, with a precision error of +/- 1.2%. In addition, the half-value layer for this glass was determined to be 2.5 cm for 1.3325 MeV gamma rays, showing moderate shielding capacity. The study demonstrates that optimizing the oxide content in the borosilicate glass matrix significantly enhances its shielding effectiveness. This advancement in nuclear waste management materials is justified by our comprehensive evaluation, highlighting the potential of optimized glass materials to outperform traditional concrete in certain scenarios, thus contributing to the development of more effective nuclear waste containment solutions.Öğe Designing a Lead-free and high-density glass for radiation facilities: Synthesis, physical, optical, structural, and experimental gamma-ray transmission properties of newly designed barium-borosilicate glass sample(Elsevier Science Sa, 2023) Sen Baykal, Duygu; Kilic, G.; Ilik, Erkan; Kavaz, E.; ALMisned, Ghada; Cakirli, R. B.; Tekin, H. O.We report the design, synthesis, optical, structural, and gamma-ray attenuation properties of a newly developed Lead-free and high-density borosilicate glass sample for its potential applications in medical and industrial ra-diation facilities. A barium-borosilicate glass sample (BSBaZn) was designed and synthesized using nominal composition of 7B2O3-50SiO2-38ZnO-5BaO. The FTIR spectrum of the BSBaZn is revealed four fundamental regions. These regions are 400-620 cm-1, 620-770 cm-1, 800-1210 cm-1, and 1210-1500 cm-1. Transmittance rate in the wavelength range of 350-1100 nm is reported as 80 %. A high-purity Germanium (HPGe) detector along with an energetic 133Ba radioisotope is also utilized for experimental gamma-ray transmission studies. Various fundamental gamma-ray shielding parameters of BSBaZn are determined and accordingly compared with many other glass shields. MCNPX (version 2.7.0) general purpose Monte Carlo code is utilized for gamma-ray transmission factor (TF) values. The results showed that the synthesized BSBaZn sample has promising struc-tural, optical, and physical properties in addition to promising gamma-ray attenuation properties. The high transparency of BSBaZn along with its high-density may be considered as an important selection criterion for its implementation in protection purposes in medical and industrial radiation facilities, where the source and pa-tients monitoring play a significant role.Öğe Energy deposition responses, transmission factors, and radiation interaction properties of some antibiotics: A critical assessment for substantial molecular alterations as a function of radiation exposure(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2024) Almansoori, Asma; Almisned, Ghada; Sen Baykal, Duygu; Kilic, Ceyda Sibel; Tekin, H. O.This study addresses the underexplored area of radiation interaction properties of antibiotics and their implications for stability, efficacy, and structural integrity. Focusing on a range of antibiotics classified by the United Arab Emirates National AMR Surveillance system, the research evaluates key metrics such as attenuation coefficients, effective electron density, exposure buildup factor, and photon transmission factors. Utilizing advanced MCNPX Monte Carlo simulation, we observed varied interaction patterns among different antibiotics, with significant findings on their photon interaction characteristics. The study highlights the potential molecular changes in antibiotics due to radiation exposure, emphasizing the importance of such research in fields from medical radiography to space exploration. Results indicate that radiation exposure can significantly affect antibiotic properties, underscoring the need for careful evaluation of drugs in radiation-rich environments to ensure their effectiveness and safety.Öğe Enhancing mechanical, physical, radiation attenuation properties in alumino-barium-titanium-calcium-lithium glasses for nuclear applications: The pivotal role of TiO2 additives(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2024) Sen Baykal, Duygu; Afaneh, F.; Susoy, Gulfem; Al-Omari, S.; Almisned, Ghada; Kilic, G.; Khattari, Z. Y.This study focused on enhancing key material properties of Alumino-Barium-Titanium-Calcium-Lithium glasses for nuclear applications, specifically by integrating increasing amounts of TiO2 additives. Utilizing the MCNPX general-purpose Monte Carlo code, version 2.7.0, the research aimed to ascertain Transmission Factor (TF) values across a spectrum of well-known radioisotope energies. This analysis was conducted for glass samples with varying thicknesses, ranging from 0.5 cm to 3 cm. The study also delved into the gamma-ray shielding characteristics of these glasses at energy levels between 0.015 and 15 MeV, uncovering notable findings. In exploring the T1 to T12 glass system, various physical and optical methods were employed to measure key parameters like glass density (rho glass), molar volume (Vm), oxygen molar volume (OMV), and oxygen packing density (OPD). A significant outcome of this research was the observation that with an increase in TiO2 content, there was a corresponding rise in glass density, from 3.727 g/cm3 to 3.825 g/cm3. Furthermore, the study noted alterations in the physical and mechanical properties of the glasses. Most notably, the T12 glass sample, which contained the highest concentration of TiO2, exhibited superior gamma-ray shielding properties compared to the other glass compositions analysed.Öğe Gadolinium-tungsten-boron trioxide glasses: A multi-phase research on cross-sections, attenuation coefficients, build-up factors and individual transmission factors using MCNPX(Elsevier, 2022) ALMisned, Ghada; Sen Baykal, Duygu; Ali, Fatema T.; Bilal, Ghaida; Kılıç, Gökhan; Tekin, Hüseyin OzanThe oxide of the rare earth element gadolinium has the chemical formula Gd2O3. Also known as gadolinium sesquioxide, gadolinium trioxide, and Gadolinia, gadolinium oxide. In this study, various types of fundamental cross-sections, attenuation coefficients, build-up factors and individual transmission factors of high density gadolinium-tungsten-boron trioxide glasses with a chemical composition of (70-x)WO3-xGd2O3 –30B2O3 (where x: 17.5, 20.0, 22.5, 25.0 and 27.5 mol%) are determined using advanced Monte Carlo methods. In addition, gamma transmission factors (TFs) for a range of medical and industrial radioisotopes were calculated using MCNPX (version 2.7.0) Monte Carlo code. The investigated glasses were classified Gd17.5, Gd20.0, Gd22.5, Gd25.0, and Gd27.5 in accordance with xGd2O3. Our findings suggest that the Gd27.5 sample (with highest of Gd2O3 content mol. %) has possessed the maximum linear (µ) and mass (µ/?) attenuation coefficients at all gamma-ray energies investigated. The coded glass sample Gd27.5 is achieved the maximum effective atomic number (Zeff) and effective electron density (Neff) owing its superior attenuation properties. In terms of build-up factors, increasing the concentration of xGd2O3 in glasses is decreased the EBF and EABF values for all mean free path values (0.5–40 mfp). At a thickness of 3 cm, the lowest transmission factor (i.e., highest attenuation) was verified for all Gd17.5-Gd27.5 glasses investigated. Consequently, the Gd27.5 sample exhibits superior radiation shielding properties for a large range of photon energy and various medical and industrial radioisotope energies. © 2022 Elsevier GmbHÖğe The impact of chemical modifications on gamma-ray attenuation properties of some WO3-reinforced tellurite glasses(De Gruyter Poland Sp Z O O, 2023) ALMisned, Ghada; Rabaa, Elaf; Sen Baykal, Duygu; Ilik, Erkan; Kilic, Gokhan; Zakaly, Hesham M. H.; Ene, AntoanetaWe report the role of the chemical modifications on various gamma-ray attenuation properties of four different tellurite glasses reinforced through WO3. The chemical compositions and glass densities are used in terms of determining some critical attenuation properties, such as linear and mass attenuation coefficients, half value layer, and effective atomic number values. Based on the rise in density, it was determined that the maximum concentration of WO3 also resulted in a significant change in the overall gamma-ray absorption properties, when all of the study's findings were examined. It was observed that the glass sample, in which TeO2 and WO3 were 40 mol%, had the highest density. It was found that this glass with the highest density has the highest linear attenuation coefficient and mass attenuation coefficient and the lowest half value layer among the four samples specified. This demonstrates that WO3 inclusion is a functional component that may be used in tellurium glasses and is a suitable material for situations requiring increased gamma-ray absorption properties.Öğe An investigation on gamma-ray and neutron attenuation properties of multi-layered Al/B4C composite(Elsevier, 2023) Almisned, Ghada; Gunoglu, Kadir; Ozkavak, Hatice Varol; Sen Baykal, Duygu; Tekin, H. O.; Karpuz, Nurdan; Akkurt, IskenderNowadays, the concept of multi-layered composite materials is attracting the researchers in terms of enhancing the capabilities of shielding materials as well as extending the scope of utilization towards space sciences and cosmic radiation application. In this study, we report the manufacturing, design, and experimental investigation on newly developed multi-layered Al/B4C shielding composites. Al powder material with a purity of 99% and an average size of 15 & mu;m is used as matrix material. Next, B4C powders with an average size of 9 & mu;m are incor-porated into the matrix as reinforcement material. Accordingly, we manufactured several different multilayer Al-B4C shield samples of 3 cm diameter and 1 cm height through powder metallurgy method. Gamma-ray trans-mission properties are determined using 3 x 3 NaI(Tl) scintillation detector through 60Co and 137Cs point isotropic radioisotopes. Moreover, MCNPX (version 2.7.0) is utilized for deposited energy amount and trans-mission factor calculations for gamma and neutron radiation. Our results showed that geometric configuration plays a crucial role in shielding efficiency of multi-layered materials. Among the manufactured samples, B4C-Al-B4C sample is reported with promising shielding properties against gamma-ray and neutron radiation. A direct relationship between the overall transmission factor values and deposited energy amount (MeV/g) in each sample is also explored for multi-layered composite shields.It was also seen that combination of layers made significantly improvement of radiation shielding properties of materials.Öğe Mechanical properties, elastic moduli, and gamma ray attenuation competencies of some TeO2-WO3-GdF3 glasses: Tailoring WO3-GdF3 substitution toward optimum behavioral state range(De Gruyter Poland Sp Z O O, 2023) ALMisned, Ghada; Rabaa, Elaf; Sen Baykal, Duygu; Kavaz, Esra; Ilik, Erkan; Kilic, Gokhan; Zakaly, Hesham M. H.We report the mechanical properties, elastic moduli, and gamma ray attenuation properties of some TeO2-WO3-GdF3 glasses. Using the chemical composition of the selected glasses, the dissociation energy per unit volume (G(t) ) and the packing density (V-t ) were calculated. Using the G(t) and V-t values, Young's, Shear, Bulk, Longitudinal Modulus, and Poisson's ratio of the glasses are calculated. Next several fundamental gamma ray attenuation properties such as linear and mass attenuation coefficients, half value layer, mean free path, effective atomic number, effective electron density, effective conductivity, exposure, and energy absorption buildup factors are calculated in 0.015-15 MeV energy range. As a consequence of WO3-GdF3 substitution, the glass densities are observed in different values. The overall gamma ray attenuation properties are found to be enhanced through WO3 addition. Moreover, the increasing WO3 incorporation into glass configuration decreases the overall elastic moduli of glasses. It can be concluded that increasing WO3 may be a useful tool for enhancing the gamma ray attenuation qualities and decreasing the elastic moduli of TeO2-WO3-GdF3 in situations where a material with versatile mechanical properties is required.Öğe Mechanical, gamma rays and neutron radiation transmission properties for some ZnO-TeO2-P2O5-ZnX glasses(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2023) Kilic, G.; Ilik, E.; Kavaz, E.; Almisned, Ghada; Sen Baykal, Duygu; Tekin, H. O.Oxyhalide glasses are utilized in the process of immobilizing nuclear waste and function as scintillating agents for the purpose of radiation detection. The objective of this study is to examine the enhanced mechanical and radiation attenuation characteristics of newly developed oxyhalide glasses by incorporating zinc-iodide. This study investigates the synthesis process, mechanical properties, and experimental gamma-neutron radiation transmission properties. A halogen-free base glass, consisting of an oxide mixture of P2O5, TeO2, and ZnO, was synthesized. Following that, the initial glass composition was further strengthened by the addition of zinc bromide (ZnBr2), zinc chloride (ZnCl2), zinc fluoride (ZnF2), and zinc iodide (ZnI2) in a successive manner. The experimental configuration entailed positioning circular glass samples between a 133Ba radioisotope and a Canberra High Purity Germanium (HPGe) detector. The determination of attenuation coefficients is achieved through the measurement of individual attenuation properties. Afterwards, theoretical approaches are utilized to determine the mechanical characteristics of halogenated glasses, including Young's modulus (Y), Bulk modulus (K), Shear modulus (G), Longitudinal modulus (L), and Poisson's modulus (v). The results of the study suggest that the implementation of the halogenation process on the P2O5-TeO2-ZnO base composition led to a significant enhancement in the examined properties. The incorporation of zinc-iodide in the halogenation process resulted in a significant improvement in the gamma absorption properties. The utilization of zinc in the halogenation process demonstrates multifunctional capabilities, which involve the potential to enhance various glass properties, including durability and gamma-ray absorption properties. It can be concluded that zinc-iodide demonstrates enhanced halogenation capabilities in comparison to zinc bromide, zinc chloride, and zinc fluoride.Öğe The role of Ag2O incorporation in nuclear radiation shielding behaviors of the Li2O-Pb3O4-SiO2 glass system: A multi-step characterization study(De Gruyter Poland Sp Z O O, 2023) ALMisned, Ghada; Susoy, Gulfem; Zakaly, Hesham M. H.; Rabaa, Elaf; Kilic, Gokhan; Ilik, Erkan; Sen Baykal, DuyguWe report the gamma-ray shielding properties of five different lithium silicate glasses based on the (40 - x) Li2O-10Pb(3)O(4)-50SiO(2) nominal composition. Transmission factor values and some basic shielding parameters such as linear (mu) and mass attenuation coefficients (mu/rho), half-value layer, tenth value layer, and mean free path (MFP) values of the investigated glass samples are determined in a large photon energy range. Using the G-P fitting method at various MFP values, the exposure buildup factor and energy absorption buildup factor values of the examined glasses are also calculated. Based on the findings, it can be concluded that the S5 glass specimen, which exhibits the greatest Ag2O additive and density among the various glass samples, represents a favorable choice for the purpose of shielding against gamma radiation.Öğe The role of ZrO2 as glass-network former on radiation transmission properties of aluminoborosilicate (ABS) glasses: A glass type for nuclear waste immobilization(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2023) Almisned, Ghada; Sen Baykal, Duygu; Ilik, E.; Kilic, G.; Tekin, H. O.We report the gamma-ray shielding properties, transmission factors and, effective removal cross section values of several aluminoborosilicate glasses that have been synthesized through various glass-forming materials such as Al2O3, B2O3, SiO2, and ZrO2. The study utilized the elemental compositions and densities of eight different glass samples as input variables in theoretical calculations and Monte Carlo simulations. According to the results obtained, it was seen that the network-forming type used in aluminoborosilicate glasses had a direct effect on the radiation absorption properties of the glasses. The utilization of ZrO2 and Cs2O at the highest concentration as the network former and glass network modifier in the NCBZ-6 sample yielded the most advantageous results in relation to its gamma-ray absorption capabilities. The benefit is intrinsically related to the heightened density of glass and the incorporation of compounds with increased atomic numbers, both of which are fundamental characteristics desired in materials designed for the purpose of gamma-ray absorption. However, the enhanced capability of ZrO2 to absorb gamma-rays excludes the absorption of high-energy neutrons. The absence of boron trioxide (B2O3) in the NCBZ-6 sample can be ascribed to its restricted availability against fast neutrons. The continued existence of ZrO2 as a network forming in the investigated ABS glasses is likely to result in improved material homogeneity and progressive enhancement of gamma-ray absorption characteristics. It can be concluded that the incorporation of ZrO2 as a network-former component may be an appropriate strategy to enhance the gamma-ray shielding capabilities of aluminoborosilicate glasses.Öğe Tailoring a correlation between fracture resistance improvement, elastic moduli, mechanical and nuclear radiation shielding properties for sodium-borate glasses through Gallium(III) oxide incorporation(Elsevier, 2023) Almisned, Ghada; Khattari, Z. Y.; Sen Baykal, Duygu; Susoy, Gulfem; Kilic, G.; Ene, Antoaneta; Tekin, H. O.In the event of unanticipated events or emergency situations, such as equipment malfunctions or accidents, it is crucial for radiation shielding materials to preserve their structural integrity. Enhancing the fracture resistance of glasses has a wide range of benefits that extend to safety, durability, cost savings, energy efficiency, environmental considerations, technological innovation, consumer confidence, manufacturing efficiency, and reduced downtime. This research examines the characteristics of sodium-borate glasses with a nominal composition of 25Na2O-xGa2O3-(75-x)B2O3, (where x: 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 27.5, and 30 mol%). The aim is to enhance fracture resistant qualities and radiation absorption with the addition of Ga2O3 into the glass composition. In addition to elastic moduli and mechanical properties, gamma-ray and fast neutron removal cross section values are determined for each glass sample. In addition to enhancing mechanical characteristics and elastic moduli, the use of Ga2O3 reinforcement has shown notable improvements in the gamma-ray and fast neutron absorption properties of sodium-borate glass samples. The NGB31.4 sample demonstrated the highest level of improvement in gammaray and neutron absorption characteristics. For example, the mass attenuation coefficients were calculated as 1.86645 cm2/g, 1.92189 cm2/g, 1.98875 cm2/g, 2.04052 cm2/g, 2.10506 cm2/g, 2.16271 cm2/g, and 2.17266 cm2/g for NGB5, NGB10, NGB15, NGB20, NGB25, NGB30.5, and NGB31.4 at 15 MeV photon energy, respectively. This enhancement was accomplished by incorporating Ga2O3 into the baseline sample at a mole percentage of 31.4 %. Hence, it can be concluded that the incorporation of Ga2O3 into sodium-borate glasses has the potential to serve as a systematic mechanism, leading to enhancements in mechanical strength and radiation absorption characteristics, thereby making these glasses more suitable for their intended applications. Among these samples, the greatest level of integration observed was 31.4 % mole Ga2O3. The lack of ability to examine the behavioral alterations resulting from higher Ga2O3 content in sodium-borate glasses may be regarded as a limitation of the present study. However, it is very advisable to do more research among the scientific community to thoroughly explore the potential impact of Ga2O3 on sodium-borate glasses.Öğe Toward the strengthening of radioprotection during mammography examinations through transparent glass screens: A benchmarking between experimental and Monte Carlo simulation studies(Frontiers Media Sa, 2023) ALMisned, Ghada; Elshami, Wiam; Rabaa, Elaf; Kilic, G.; Ilik, E.; Sen Baykal, Duygu; Ene, AntoanetaIntroductionA lead-acrylic protective screen is suggested to reduce radiation exposure to the unexposed breast during mammography. The presence of toxic lead in its structure may harm the tissues with which it comes in contact. This study aimed to design a CdO-rich quaternary tellurite glass screen (C40) and evaluate its efficiency compared to the Lead-Acrylic protective screen. MethodsA three-layer advanced heterogeneous breast phantom designed in MCNPX (version 2.7.0) general-purpose Monte Carlo code. Lead acrylic and C40 shielding screens were modeled in the MCNPX and installed between the right and left breast. The reliability of the absorption differences between the lead acrylic and C40 glass were assessed. Results and discussionThe results showed that C40 protective glass screen has much superior protection properties compared to the lead acrylic protective screen. The amount of total dose absorbed in the unexposed breast for C40 was found to be much less than that for lead-based acrylic. The protection provided by the C40 glass screen is 35-38% superior to that of the Lead-Acrylic screen. The C40 offer the opportunity to avoid the toxic Pb in the structure of Lead-Acrylic material and may be utilized for mammography to offer superior radioprotection to Lead-Acrylic and significantly lower the dose amount in the unexposed breast. It can be concluded that transparent glass screens may be utilized for radiation protection purposes in critical diagnostic radiology applications through mammography.Öğe Translocation of tungsten(vi) oxide/gadolinium(iii) fluoride in tellurite glasses towards improvement of gamma-ray attenuation features in high-density glass shields(De Gruyter Poland Sp Z O O, 2023) ALMisned, Ghada; Rabaa, Elaf; Sen Baykal, Duygu; Ilik, Erkan; Kilic, Gokhan; Zakaly, Hesham M. H.; Ene, AntoanetaThis study investigates the effect of substituting tungsten(vi) oxide/gadolinium(iii) fluoride in tellurite glasses whose densities varies from 5.0879 to 5.3246 g/cm(3) on gamma-ray absorption properties. A range of fundamental absorption parameters, including attenuation coefficients, half-value layer thicknesses, effective atom and electron numbers, effective conductivity, exposure, and energy absorption buildup factors, were studied for five different glass samples with varying substitution ratios. The ratio of tungsten(vi) oxide to gadolinium(iii) fluoride varied between 0 and 20 mol%, as well as the TeO2 ratio in the composition was maintained between 90 and 80 mol%. The sample with the composition of 80-20 mol% TeO2/WO3, which attained the maximum density value with 20 mol% WO3 addition, showed the highest gamma-absorption capabilities based on the obtained findings in the range of 0.015-15 MeV. In consideration of the mechanical and physical properties of WO3 in tellurite glasses, it can be concluded that WO3 incorporation is a crucial monotonic process that may be utilized to further improve the properties of glass shields.Öğe Tungsten (VI) oxide reinforced antimony glasses for radiation safety applications: A throughout investigation for determination of radiation shielding properties and transmission factors(Cell Press, 2023) AlMisned, Ghada; Sen Baykal, Duygu; Ilik, Erkan; Abuzaid, Mohammed; Issa, Shams A. M.; Kilic, G.; Zakaly, Hesham M. H.We report the functional assessment of tungsten (VI) oxide on gamma-ray attenuation properties of 60Sb2O3-(40-x)NaPO3-xWO3 antimony glasses. The elemental mass-fractions and glass densities of each glass sample are specified separately for the MCNPX Monte Carlo code. In addition to fundamental gamma absorption properties, Transmission Factors throughout a broad radioisotope energy range were measured. According to findings, holmium (Ho) incorporation into the glass structure resulted in a net increase of 0.3406 g/cm3, whereas cerium (Ce) addition resulted in a net increase of 0.2047 g/cm3. The 40% WO3 reinforced S7 sample was found to have the greatest LAC value, even though seven glass samples exhibited identical behavior. The S2 sample had the lowest HVL values among the glass groups evaluated in this work, computed in the energy range of 0.015-15 MeV. The lowest EBF and EABF values were reported for 40% WO3 reinforced S7 sample with the highest LAC and density values. According to the findings of this research, WO3 will likely make a significant contribution to the gamma ray absorption properties of antimony glasses, which are employed for optical and structural modification. Therefore, it can be concluded that WO3 may be treated monotonically and can be employed successfully in circumstances where gamma-ray absorption characteristics, optical properties, and structural qualities need to be enhanced.
