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Öğe Data Envelopment Analysis(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2023) Hosseinzadeh Lotfi, F.; Allahviranloo, T.; Shafiee, M.; Saleh, H.Throughout history, considering the limitations, humanity has tried to make the most of the available facilities and resources. In this regard, performance evaluation is considered one of the managers' most vital issues. In fact, for a manager, knowing the performance of supervised units is the most critical task in making a decision and adopting a suitable strategy. The complexity of information, a lot of data, and the influence of various other factors make managers unable to learn about the performance of the units under their supervision without a scientific approach. One of the essential concepts in performance evaluation is calculating the efficiency of the units under the assessment. Therefore, more scientific methods are needed to calculate efficiency than in the past. One of the appropriate and efficient tools in the field of efficiency measurement is data envelopment analysis (DEA), which is used as a non-parametric method to calculate the efficiency of decision-making units. DEA models, in addition to determining the relative efficiency, the weak points of the organization in various indicators, also the resources affecting the inefficiency of organizations, are selected by DEA models, and finally, presenting an efficient projection defines the organization's policy toward improving efficiency and productivity. These reasons have caused this technique to grow increasingly from the theoretical and practical aspects and become one of the essential branches in the science of operations research. In recent years, many theoretical and practical developments have happened in DEA models, making it indispensable to know its various aspects for a more precise application of DEA models for the performance evaluation of a supply chain. Thus, in the rest of this chapter, we will explain the DEA definitions and models needed in the following chapters. Thus, in the rest of this chapter, we will explain the DEA definitions and models required for the following chapters. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.Öğe Examining Supply Chain Crises and Disruptions(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2023) Hosseinzadeh Lotfi, F.; Allahviranloo, T.; Shafiee, M.; Saleh, H.Logistics plays an essential and decisive role in crisis management’s supply and support chain. Crisis logistics includes all the processes of estimation, supply, transportation, storage, and distribution of goods, equipment, and services for victims and relief teams; so, if crisis management logistics is a coherent and scientific system, we can hope for success in crisis management. Therefore, due to this issue’s importance, supply chain crises and disruptions have been investigated in this chapter. In the beginning, the definitions of supply chain disorders are given, and examples of supply chain crises are shown. The vulnerability of the supply chain and its aggravating factors against the disorder are discussed. After that, supply chain risks are identified (risk definitions and supply chain management, different forms of supply chain risks, Supply Chain Risk Management Processes), and in the last part, the concepts of supply chain reliability (supplier reliability, producer, distributor, and supply chain in general) are addressed. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.Öğe Main Models and Approaches in Supply Chain Evaluation(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2023) Hosseinzadeh Lotfi, F.; Allahviranloo, T.; Shafiee, M.; Saleh, H.The supply chain has different approaches, each of which has advantages and disadvantages. Therefore, the complexity of the systems involved in the supply chain can be best understood through analysis and modeling. In this way, insight can be gained into the interactions of the subsystems of the supply chain. Therefore, the supply chain's basic models will be described due to this issue’s importance. In the meantime, a complete description of the Supply Chain Operation Reference Model (SCOR) will be given. Then, the definition of different supply chain paradigms and approaches, including the lean approach, agile approach, Resilience (sustainable) approach, green approach, LARGe approach, and SCALE (Supply Chain Advisor Level Evaluation) approach, are discussed. Moreover, a complete description of network models in supply chain evaluation is given, which includes definitions such as the difference between supply chain network and supply chain, the structure of supply chain network (series, divergent, mixed), and how to analyze the supply chain network and Common types of supply chain network (Forward supply chain, Reverse supply chain, Closed-loop supply chain (CLSC). © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.Öğe Performance Evaluation of Supply Chain Management(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2023) Hosseinzadeh Lotfi, F.; Allahviranloo, T.; Shafiee, M.; Saleh, H.Regarding the role of supply chain management, managers of organizations and companies found that in order to provide their products and services quickly, cheaply, and with quality to customers and global markets, they urgently need efficient supply chain management, so the concepts of measuring the performance of the entire supply chain and each of its members were necessary for its improvement. Therefore, due to the importance of this issue, the reasons and importance of the Supply Chain Performance Measurement System (SCPMS), the principles and characteristics of a suitable SCPMS, the evolution of the SCPMS model, the reasons for changes, and their classification were discussed in this chapter. Then, the role of the Supply Chain Performance evaluation system (SCPMS) in reaching the organization’s goals was examined. Moreover, the criteria for evaluating the performance of the supply chain and its appropriate features and the limitations of evaluating the performance of the supply chain are described. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.Öğe Performance Evaluation of Supply Chains by Bi-Level DEA(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2023) Hosseinzadeh Lotfi, F.; Allahviranloo, T.; Shafiee, M.; Saleh, H.Today, supply chains have become one of the dominant paradigms in the field of business. Experts believe the competition between companies in the past decades has turned into a competition between chains in the present era. Thus, supply chain management (SCM) is one of the essential and critical points in business because proper supply chain management improves the activities of various components and levels of a supply chain to improve the overall situation of the supply chain system. One of the crucial tools in supply chain management is evaluating the performance of the supply chain and each component and comparing the performance of the supply chain under evaluation with other competitors. Therefore, the calculation of relative efficiency, cost, and profit efficiency are essential factors in examining the performance of supply chains. Although to calculate the relative efficiency of DMUs under evaluation, the use of DEA models seems to be suitable, using classic DEA models by considering the supply chain as a black box or, even more precisely, assessing all components of the chain as a network and using NDEA models is not the answer to all situations in the supply chain. For example, suppose the members in a supply chain do not have the same level of importance (leader–follower). In this case, another branch of DEA is called bi-level DEA, and generally, multi-level DEA is recommended. Although the leader–follower point of view is explained in Chap. 8, we will deal with this issue with a different approach in this chapter and describe the evaluation of supply chains using bi-level DEA. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.Öğe Performance Evaluation of the Supply Chains Using DEA(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2023) Hosseinzadeh Lotfi, F.; Allahviranloo, T.; Shafiee, M.; Saleh, H.In recent years, supply chain management has become one of the essential topics in business literature. Because in the industrial world, in addition to dealing with internal issues, companies need to manage and monitor issues outside the organization to remain competitive with other competitors. In other words, it is vital for supply chain management to know the capabilities of each company to compete effectively in the business environment, maintaining the strengths and trying to eliminate the negative points. One of the crucial points in supply chain management is performance and efficiency measurement in competition with other competitors. In other words, supply chain performance evaluation is how to use quantitative and qualitative inputs to produce quantitative and qualitative outputs. With these conditions, measuring efficiency in supply chains is an essential issue for companies in creating regular competition with other competitors. Therefore, evaluating the efficiency of a company’s supply chain is a complex phenomenon, and instead of considering a single criterion, more cases should be considered. Also, by knowing the position of a company in a specific industry compared to other competitors, expectations from the company to increase its multiple outputs or reduce the level of various inputs to improve efficiency can be managed appropriately. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the performance of the supply chain by a mathematical model using financial and non-financial indicators of the supply chain. Thus, using DEA to assess supply chains has interested many researchers. The use of DEA models makes it possible to analyze the performance of supply chains in different dimensions by considering various indicators (input–output) by creating a frontier to compare the best position of each unit under evaluation with its current status and other units under assessment. So this technique gives sufficient information to evaluate the performance of supply chains. Therefore, in this chapter, we explain DEA models to assess the efficiency of supply chains. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.Öğe Supplier Performance Evaluation Models(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2023) Hosseinzadeh Lotfi, F.; Allahviranloo, T.; Shafiee, M.; Saleh, H.Choosing the right supplier is one of the most critical decision-making issues to gain a competitive advantage in the supply chain. To achieve these goals, decision-makers should use the best method to analyze and solve the problem of supplier selection. In the meantime, supplier performance evaluation tools and models have always been welcomed due to their flexibility. Therefore, due to the importance of this issue, in this chapter, we will describe the existing models for selecting and evaluating suppliers, including the Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) model, Multiple Attribute Decision Making (AHP, ANP, Taxonomy Analysis, ELECTRE, PROMETHEE Decision Making method, TOPSIS, VIKOR, DMATEL). And then, mathematical programming models (linear programming models, multi-objective programming, non-linear programming, fuzzy programming, and stochastic programming) are described. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.Öğe Supplier Selection(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2023) Hosseinzadeh Lotfi, F.; Allahviranloo, T.; Shafiee, M.; Saleh, H.Supplier evaluation and selection is one of the most critical aspects of responsiveness and competitiveness in the changing global supply chains because supplier selection is the basis of cooperation in the supply chain and a key factor for improving the chain's competitive power and thus the chain's success. Therefore, it is an essential part of production and logistics management for companies, and The success of a supply chain strongly depends on the selection of its suppliers. As a result, supplier selection requires considerable effort in any organization, and organizations must know what is necessary to select a particular supplier and clearly state their criteria. Since most of the classic supplier selection techniques require intuitive judgments, and some methods need to introduce initial weights based on the opinion of supply chain managers, these choices may be biased in some cases. DEA helps decision-makers make their choices without relying on intuitive judgments, thus using DEA models is a suitable technique for supplier selection. This section will explain how to use DEA models to select superior suppliers. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.Öğe Supply Chain Evaluation by Network DEA(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2023) Hosseinzadeh Lotfi, F.; Allahviranloo, T.; Shafiee, M.; Saleh, H.In today’s competitive arena, performance evaluation is essential in all organizations, including the supply chain, to control, lead and plan organizations. As stated in Chap. 8, DEA is a widely used technique to evaluate the performance of DMUs, including the supply chain. Although DEA is a powerful optimization technique used to assess the performance of supply chains, despite its many strengths, it also has certain limitations. Many supply chains are a type of decision-making unit with input and output indicators and multiple internal relationships and intermediate products from one stage of the chain to the next (such as sending raw materials from the supplier to the manufacturer). Also, each stage may have inputs and outputs; therefore, due to the networked or multi-stage nature of the supply chain, traditional DEA models cannot correctly evaluate its performance. Because in conventional DEA models, the units under evaluation are considered black boxes, only their initial inputs and final outputs are included in the assessment, and their internal structure is not considered; therefore, some sources of inefficiency are ignored. Therefore, this chapter explains how to use NDEA models to evaluate supply chain performance. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.Öğe Supply Chain Management(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2023) Hosseinzadeh Lotfi, F.; Allahviranloo, T.; Shafiee, M.; Saleh, H.Supply chain management is an integral part of companies and organizations and is essential for the success of any company or organization and customer satisfaction. Considering the importance of this issue, in this chapter, first, the general and basic concepts of supply chain management, which include; The evolutionary course of supply chain management, different definitions of supply chain management, the reasons, and importance of the need for supply chain management, the components and goals, and functional areas and principles of supply chain management, process models related to the concept of supply chain management and its decision-making steps are discussed. And then, the idea of strategic supply chain management and the role of strategic thinking in supply chain management are discussed. Also, the role of the supply chain as a strategic asset and vital strategic elements in the supply chain, the necessary criteria for having a suitable strategy in supply chain management, and how to start turning the supply chain into a strategic asset and its benefits are discussed. Moreover, the structure of the supply chain network, how to identify its members, and the structural dimensions of the supply chain network are described. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
