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    NOx emission reduction in low viscous low cetane (LVLC) fuel using additives in CI engine: an experimental study
    (Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2024) Sonthalia, A.; Varuvel, E.G.; Subramanian, T.; Kumar, N.
    This study examines the combustion properties of pine oil (PO), which is classified as a low viscosity, low cetane (LVLC) fuel. It highlights the superior performance of pine oil in comparison to diesel fuel, but acknowledges that its low cetane index causes a delay in combustion initiation, which consequently results in elevated NOx emissions. Fuel atomization, evaporation, and air/fuel mixing are enhanced by the reduced viscosity and boiling point of PO in comparison to diesel. Nevertheless, the low cetane index of PO restricts its applicability as a diesel fuel substitute in CI engines. Due to significant heat release after an extended ignition delay, NOx emissions tend to rise with less viscous and low cetane (LVLC) fuels. A range of cetane improvers, such as diethyl ether (DEE), benzyl alcohol (Bn), diglyme (DGE), and methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), have demonstrated effectiveness in mitigating nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions upon introduction into pine oil. All the cetane improvers were added 5% and 10% by volume with pine oil. A twin-cylinder tractor engine operating at a constant speed of 1500 revolutions per minute was utilized in this testing. In order to achieve a warm-up condition that would enable the smooth operation of PO, the engine was initially operated on diesel fuel. At maximum load condition, NOx emission of PO was higher by 8% in comparison to diesel. NOx emission was significantly reduced with addition of cetane improvers. Maximum reduction of 7% was observed with PO + MTBE 10% in comparison to PO which is in par with diesel. An increase in HC and CO emission was observed with all cetane improver addition with PO. Graphical abstract: (Figure presented.). © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2024.