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    Advancements and future directions in the antibacterial wound dressings - a review
    (2021) Bal Öztürk, Ayça; Özkahraman, Bengi; Özbaş, Zehra; Yaşayan, Gökçen; Tamahkar, Emel; Alarçin, Emine
    Wound repair is a complex process that has not been entirely understood. It can conclude in several irregularities. Hence, designing an appropriate wound dressing that can accelerate the healing period is critical. Infections, a major obstacle to wound repair, cause an elevated inflammatory responses and result in ultimate outcome of incomplete and prolonged wound repair. To overcome these shortcomings, there is a growing requirement for antibacterial wound dressings. Dressings with antibacterial activities and multifunctional behaviors are highly anticipated to avoid the wound infection for successful healing. The aim of this review is not only to concentrate on the importance of antibacterial dressings for wound healing applications but also to discuss recent studies and some future perspectives about antibacterial wound dressings.
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    Chitosan/collagen composite films as wound dressings encapsulating allantoin and lidocaine hydrochloride
    (Taylor & Francis As, 2020) Yaşayan, Gökçen; Karaca, Gizem; Püren Akgüner, Zeynep; Bal Öztürk, Ayça
    Chitosan/collagen composite scaffolds encapsulating allantoin and lidocaine hydrochloride were formulated in various ratios and characterized in vitro for their applications in wound healing. After fabrication, scaffolds were characterized in terms of topographical properties, surface roughness, and swelling behavior, and then their stabilities were monitored by hydrolytic and enzymatic degradation studies. Following compatibility studies among the active ingredients, drugs were encapsulated within scaffolds, and encapsulation efficiency and drug release studies were carried. Finally, in vitro cell viability and scratch wound healing assays were carried to assess scaffolds as wound dressings. Results suggest that blending of polymers with drugs changed topographical properties and surface roughness prominently. It is found that the formulation with chitosan/collagen ratio of 70/30 is more resistant to both hydrolytic and enzymatic degradation routes due to having favored properties of both collagen and chitosan. In vitro drug release studies indicated rapid release of drugs, hence the scaffolds could be advantageous for patients that need an immediate anesthetic effect in wound healing therapy. The cell culture studies demonstrated that the chitosan/collagen composite scaffolds showed no toxicity, and cell migrations were increased depending on the collagen ratio in scaffolds. These results suggest that chitosan/collagen scaffolds combined with allantoin and lidocaine hydrochloride could be a promising candidate for wound healing applications.
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    Combination therapy using nanomaterials and stem cells to treat spinal cord injuries
    (Elsevier Science, 2022) Zarepour, Arezou; Bal Öztürk, Ayça; Koyuncu Irmak, Duygu; Yaşayan, Gökçen; Gökmen, Aylin; Karaöz, Erdal; Zarepour, Atefeh; Zarrabi, Ali; Mostafavi, Ebrahim
    As a part of the central nervous system, the spinal cord (SC) provides most of the communications between the brain and other parts of the body. Any damage to SC interrupts this communication, leading to serious problems, which may remain for the rest of their life. Due to its significant impact on patients’ quality of life and its exorbitant medical costs, SC injury (SCI) is known as one of the most challengeable diseases in the world. Thus, it is critical to introduce highly translatable therapeutic platforms for SCI treatment. So far, different strategies have been introduced, among which utilizing various types of stem cells is one of the most interesting ones. The capability of stem cells to differentiate into several types of cell lines makes them promising candidates for the regeneration of injured tissues. One of the other interesting and novel strategies for SCI treatment is the appli- cation of nanomaterials, which could appear as a carrier for therapeutic agents or as a platform for culturing the cells. Combining these two approaches, stem cells and nanomaterials, could provide promising therapeutic strategies for SCI management. Accordingly, in this review we have summarized some of the recent advance- ments in which the applications of different types of stem cells and nanomaterials, alone and in combination forms, were evaluated for SCI treatment.
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    Current strategies and future perspectives of skin-on-a-chip platforms: innovations, technical challenges and commercial outlook
    (Bentham Science Publ Ltd, 2018) Bal Öztürk, Ayça; Miccoli, Beatrice; Avcı Adalı, Meltem; Mogtader, Ferzaneh; Sharifi, Fatemeh; Cecen, Berivan; Yaşayan, Gökçen; Braeken, Dries; Alarçin, Emine
    The skin is the largest and most exposed organ in the human body. Not only it is involved in numerous biological processes essential for life but also it represents a significant endpoint for the application of pharmaceuticals. The area of in vitro skin tissue engineering has been progressing extensively in recent years. Advanced in vitro human skin models strongly impact the discovery of new drugs thanks to the enhanced screening efficiency and reliability. Nowadays, animal models are largely employed at the preclinical stage of new pharmaceutical compounds development for both risk assessment evaluation and pharmacokinetic studies. On the other hand, animal models often insufficiently foresee the human reaction due to the variations in skin immunity and physiology. Skin-on-chips devices offer innovative and state-of-the-art platforms essential to overcome these limitations. In the present review, we focus on the contribution of skin-on-chip platforms in fundamental research and applied medical research. In addition, we also highlighted the technical and practical difficulties that must be overcome to enhance skin-on-chip platforms, e. g. embedding electrical measurements, for improved modeling of human diseases as well as of new drug discovery and development.
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    Development of mucoadhesive modified kappa-carrageenan/pectin patches for controlled delivery of drug in the buccal cavity
    (Wiley, 2021) Özkahraman, Bengi; Özbaş, Zehra; Yaşayan, Gökçen; Püren Akgüner, Zeynep; Yarımcan, Filiz; Alarçin, Emine; Bal Öztürk, Ayça
    In this study, modified kappa-carrageenan/pectin hydrogel patches were fabricated for treatment of buccal fungal infections. For this purpose, kappa-carrageenan-g-acrylic acid was modified with different thiolated agents (L-cysteine and 3-mercaptopropionic acid), and the thiol content of the resulting modified kappa-carrageenan was confirmed by elemental analyzer. Then, the hydrogel patches were fabricated, and characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, ex vivo mucoadhesion test, and swelling behavior. Triamcinolone acetonide was added either directly or by encapsulating within the poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles. The release amount of the drug from the directly loaded patch was 7.81 mg/g polymer, while it was 3.28 mg/g polymer for the encapsulated patch with the same content at 7 hr. The hydrogel patches had no cytotoxicity by cell culture studies. Finally, the drug loaded hydrogel patches were demonstrated antifungal activity against Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus flavus. These results provide that the novel modified kappa-carrageenan and pectin based buccal delivery system has promising antifungal property, and could have advantages compared to conventional buccal delivery systems.
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    Natural polymers for wound dressing applications
    (Elsevier, 2022) Yaşayan, Gökçen; Alarçin, Emine; Bal Öztürk, Ayça; Avcı Adalı, Meltem
    Wound care is a hot topic in recent years. Recent wound treatment regimens use dressings fabricated from natural materials due to their significant advantages compared to traditional or synthetic dressings. Because of their importance, in this chapter, wound dressings are discussed with an emphasis on the use of natural polymers and their function in the healing process. After a brief introduction to wounds and classification of wound dressings, the chapter focuses on (i) the impact of natural materials on wound dressing design such as mechanical properties, texture, wettability, composition, and porosity; (ii) commonly used natural polymers and their combinations with synthetic polymers and other bioactive components; (iii) state-of-the-art fabrication methods of dressings; and finally, (iv) other nature-derived materials as wound dressings such as decellularized skin extracellular matrix and tissue-engineered skin substitutes. © 2022 Elsevier B.V.
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    Selection of natural biomaterials for micro-tissue and organ-on-chip models
    (2022) Bal Öztürk, Ayça; Cecen, Berivan; Yaşayan, Gökçen; Alarçin, Emine; Koçak, Polen; Tutar, Rümeysa; Kozacı, Leyla Didem; Ryon Shin, Su; K Miri, Amir
    The desired organ in micro-tissue models of organ-on-a-chip (OoC) devices dictates the optimum biomaterials, divided into natural and synthetic biomaterials. They can resemble biological tissues' biological functions and architectures by constructing bioactivity of macromolecules, cells, nanoparticles, and other biological agents. The inclusion of such components in OoCs allows them having biological processes, such as basic biorecognition, enzymatic cleavage, and regulated drug release. In this report, we review natural-based biomaterials that are used in OoCs and their main characteristics. We address the preparation, modification, and characterization methods of natural-based biomaterials and summarize recent reports on their applications in the design and fabrication of micro-tissue models. This article will help bioengineers select the proper biomaterials based on developing new techn
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    Tissue adhesives: From research to clinical translation
    (Elsevier B.V., 2021) Bal Öztürk, Ayça; Cecen, Berivan; Avcı Adalı, Meltem; Topkaya, Seda Nur; Alarçin, Emine; Yaşayan, Gökçen; Li, Yi Chen Ethan; Bulkurcuoğlu, Bünyamin; Akpek, Ali; Avcı, Hüseyin; Shi, Kun; Shin, Suryon; Hassan, Shabir
    Sutures, staples, clips, and skin closure strips are used as the gold standard to close wounds after an injury. In spite of being the present standard of care, the utilization of these conventional methods is precarious amid complicated and sensitive surgeries such as vascular anastomosis, ocular surgeries, nerve repair, or due to the high-risk components included. Tissue adhesives function as an interface to connect the surfaces of wound edges and prevent them from separation. They are fluid or semi-fluid mixtures that can be easily used to seal any wound of any morphology-uniform or irregular. As such, they provide alternatives to new and novel platforms for wound closure methods. In this review, we offer a background on the improvement of distinctive tissue adhesives focusing on the chemistry of some of these products that have been a commercial success from the clinical application perspective. This review is aimed to provide a guide toward the innovation of tissue bioadhesive materials and their associated biomedical applications.