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    A Deep Analysis of CPW-fed Planar Antennas for Frequencies 2.6 Up to 13.6 GHz
    (Wydawnictwo Sigma-Not Sp Zoo, 2023) Al-Gburi, Ahmed Jamal Abdullah; Zakaria, Zahriladha; Ibrahim, Imran Mohd; Khabba, Asma; Al-Obaidi, Aymen Dheyaa Khaleel; Saeidi, Tale; Paul, Liton Chandra
    This paper presents a deep analysis of coplanar waveguide (CPW) feed Planar antenna for frequencies from 2.6 GHz up to 13.6 GHz, which covers the authorised Ultra-wideband (UWB) from 3.1-10.6GHz and the X-band from 8-12GHz applications. The Parametric analysis will help the researchers understand antenna parameters' effects on the reflection coefficient (S11) variations. These important parameters are the length of the CPW fed (Cl), the width of the substrate (W), the width of the feed-line (Wf) and the gap between the feed-line and CPW disk (g). The total physical planar antenna dimension is 26 mm x 26mm x 1.6 mm, corresponding to the centre frequency range at 7.5 GHz. The UWB CPW planar antenna is fed via a coplanar waveguide (CPW) to attain the best impedance matching for UWB systems. The presented CPW planar antenna has an impedance UWB bandwidth of 11.0 GHz from 2.6 GHz up to 13.6 GHz at -10 dB return loss. The simulated UWB planar antenna displays an omnidirectional radiation behaviour with a simulated gain of 7.3 dB at 13.6 GHz, a directivity of 7.5 dBi at 13.6 GHz and favourable radiation efficiency of 97%. The presented antenna has the specialised prospect to be used for UWB and X-band systems.
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    A Miniaturized and Highly Sensitive Microwave Sensor Based on CSRR for Characterization of Liquid Materials
    (Mdpi, 2023) Al-Gburi, Ahmed Jamal Abdullah; Zakaria, Zahriladha; Abd Rahman, Norhanani; Althuwayb, Ayman A.; Ibrahim, Imran Mohd; Saeidi, Tale; Dayo, Zaheer Ahmed
    In this work, a miniaturized and highly sensitive microwave sensor based on a complementary split-ring resonator (CSRR) is proposed for the detection of liquid materials. The modeled sensor was designed based on the CSRR structure with triple rings (TRs) and a curve feed for improved measurement sensitivity. The designed sensor oscillates at a single frequency of 2.5 GHz, which is simulated using an Ansys HFSS simulator. The electromagnetic simulation explains the basis of the mode resonance of all two-port resonators. Five variations of the liquid media under tests (MUTs) are simulated and measured. These liquid MUTs are as follows: without a sample (without a tube), air (empty tube), ethanol, methanol, and distilled water (DI). A detailed sensitivity calculation is performed for the resonance band at 2.5 GHz. The MUTs mechanism is performed with a polypropylene tube (PP). The samples of dielectric material are filled into PP tube channels and loaded into the CSRR center hole; the E-fields around the sensor affect the relationship with the liquid MUTs, resulting in a high Q-factor value. The final sensor has a Q-factor value and sensitivity of 520 and 7.032 (MHz)/e(r)) at 2.5 GHz, respectively. Due to the high sensitivity of the presented sensor for characterizing various liquid penetrations, the sensor is also of interest for accurate estimations of solute concentrations in liquid media. Finally, the relationship between the permittivity and Q-factor value at the resonant frequency is derived and investigated. These given results make the presented resonator ideal for the characterization of liquid materials.