Hosseinzadeh Lotfi, F.Allahviranloo, T.Shafiee, M.Saleh, H.2024-05-192024-05-1920232197-6503https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-28247-8_9https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12713/4452In today’s competitive arena, performance evaluation is essential in all organizations, including the supply chain, to control, lead and plan organizations. As stated in Chap. 8, DEA is a widely used technique to evaluate the performance of DMUs, including the supply chain. Although DEA is a powerful optimization technique used to assess the performance of supply chains, despite its many strengths, it also has certain limitations. Many supply chains are a type of decision-making unit with input and output indicators and multiple internal relationships and intermediate products from one stage of the chain to the next (such as sending raw materials from the supplier to the manufacturer). Also, each stage may have inputs and outputs; therefore, due to the networked or multi-stage nature of the supply chain, traditional DEA models cannot correctly evaluate its performance. Because in conventional DEA models, the units under evaluation are considered black boxes, only their initial inputs and final outputs are included in the assessment, and their internal structure is not considered; therefore, some sources of inefficiency are ignored. Therefore, this chapter explains how to use NDEA models to evaluate supply chain performance. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.eninfo:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccessDecision MakingDea ModelsDecision Making UnitInput And OutputsIntermediate ProductInternal RelationshipsMulti-StagesNetwork DeaOptimization TechniquesPerformancePerformances EvaluationSupply ChainsBook Chapter1223294172-s2.0-8515808728110.1007/978-3-031-28247-8_9N/A