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    Customizing nano-chitosan for sustainable drug delivery
    (PMC, 2022) Mostafa Saeedi 1, Omid Vahidi 1, Mohammadreza Moghbeli 1, Sepideh Ahmadi 2, Mohsen Asadnia 3, Omid Akhavan 4, Farzad Seidi 5, Mohammad Rabiee 6, Mohammad Reza Saeb 7, Thomas J Webster 8, Rajender S Varma 9, Esmaeel Sharifi 10, Ali Zarrabi 11, Navid Rabiee 12 Affiliations collapse; Saeedi, Mostafa; Vahidi, Omid; Moghbeli, Mohammadreza; Ahmadi, Sepideh; Asadnia, Mohsen; Akhavan, Omid; Seidi, Farzad; Rabiee, Mohammad; Saeb, Mohammad Reza; Webster, Thomas J.; Zarrabi, Ali; Rabiee, Navid; Varma, Rajender S.; Sharifi, Esmaeel
    Chitosan is a natural polymer with acceptable biocompatibility, biodegradability, and mechanical stability; hence, it has been widely appraised for drug and gene delivery applications. However, there has been no comprehensive assessment to tailor-make chitosan cross-linkers of various types and functionalities as well as complex chitosan-based semi- and full-interpenetrating networks for drug delivery systems (DDSs). Herein, the various fabrication methods developed for chitosan hydrogels are deliberated, including chitosan crosslinking with and without diverse cross-linkers. Tripolyphosphate, genipin and multi-functional aldehydes, carboxylic acids, and epoxides are common cross-linkers used in developing biomedical chitosan for DDSs. Methods deployed for modifying the properties and performance of chitosan hydrogels, via their composite production (semi- and full-interpenetrating networks), are also cogitated here. In addition, recent advances in the fabrication of advanced chitosan hydrogels for drug delivery applications such as oral drug delivery, transdermal drug delivery, and cancer therapy are discussed. Lastly, thoughts on what is needed for the chitosan field to continue to grow is also debated in this comprehensive review article
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    Electrically conductive carbon-based (bio)-nanomaterials for cardiac tissue engineering
    (John Wiley and Sons Inc, 2022) Jalilinejad, Negin; Rabiee, Mohammad; Baheiraei, Nafiseh; Ghahremanzadeh, Ramin; Salarian, Reza; Rabiee, Navid; Akhavan, Omid; Zarrintaj, Payam; Hejna, Aleksander; Saeb, Mohammad Reza; Zarrabi, Ali; Sharifi, Esmaeel; Yousefiasl, Satar; Zare, Ehsan Nazarzadeh
    A proper self-regenerating capability is lacking in human cardiac tissue which along with the alarming rate of deaths associated with cardiovascular disorders makes tissue engineering critical. Novel approaches are now being investigated in order to speedily overcome the challenges in this path. Tissue engineering has been revolutionized by the advent of nanomaterials, and later by the application of carbon-based nanomaterials because of their exceptional variable functionality, conductivity, and mechanical properties. Electrically conductive biomaterials used as cell bearers provide the tissue with an appropriate microenvironment for the specific seeded cells as substrates for the sake of protecting cells in biological media against attacking mechanisms. Nevertheless, their advantages and shortcoming in view of cellular behavior, toxicity, and targeted delivery depend on the tissue in which they are implanted or being used as a scaffold. This review seeks to address, summarize, classify, conceptualize, and discuss the use of carbon-based nanoparticles in cardiac tissue engineering emphasizing their conductivity. We considered electrical conductivity as a key affecting the regeneration of cells. Correspondingly, we reviewed conductive polymers used in tissue engineering and specifically in cardiac repair as key biomaterials with high efficiency. We comprehensively classified and discussed the advantages of using conductive biomaterials in cardiac tissue engineering. An overall review of the open literature on electroactive substrates including carbon-based biomaterials over the last decade was provided, tabulated, and thoroughly discussed. The most commonly used conductive substrates comprising graphene, graphene oxide, carbon nanotubes, and carbon nanofibers in cardiac repair were studied. © 2022 The Authors. Bioengineering & Translational Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Institute of Chemical Engineers.
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    Magnetic nanocomposites for biomedical applications
    (Elsevier B.V., 2022) Naghdi, Mina; Ghovvati, Mahsa; Rabiee, Navid; Ahmadi, Sepideh; Abbariki, Nikzad; Sojdeh, Soheil; Ojaghi, Amirhossein; Bagherzadeh, Mojtaba; Akhavan, Omid; Sharifi, Esmaeel; Rabiee, Mohammad; Saeb, Mohammad Reza; Bolouri, Keivan; Webster, Thomas J.; Zare, Ehsan Nazarzadeh; Zarrabi, Ali
    Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine have solved numerous problems related to the repair and regeneration of damaged organs and tissues arising from aging, illnesses, and injuries. Nanotechnology has further aided tissue regeneration science and has provided outstanding opportunities to help disease diagnosis as well as treat damaged tissues. Based on the most recent findings, magnetic nanostructures (MNSs), in particular, have emerged as promising materials for detecting, directing, and supporting tissue regeneration. There have been many reports concerning the role of these nano-building blocks in the regeneration of both soft and hard tissues, but the subject has not been extensively reviewed. Here, we review, classify, and discuss various synthesis strategies for novel MNSs used in medicine. Advanced applications of magnetic nanocomposites (MG-NCs), specifically magnetic nanostructures, are further systematically reviewed. In addition, the scientific and technical aspects of MG-NC used in medicine are discussed considering the requirements for the field. In summary, this review highlights the numerous opportunities and challenges associated with the use of MG-NCs as smart nanocomposites (NCs) in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.