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Öğe Additive or subtractive manufacturing of crown patterns used for pressing or casting: A trueness analysis(Elsevier Science, 2022) Çakmak, Gülce; Dönmez, Mustafa Borga; Cuellar, Alfonso Rodrigues; Kahveci, Çiğdem; Schimmel, Martin; Yılmaz, BurakObjectives: To investigate the effect of subtractive and additive manufacturing techniques on the trueness of crown patterns used for pressing or casting. Material and Methods: A complete-coverage mandibular right first molar crown was designed in standard tessellation language (STL) format. This STL served as the control (C- STL) and was used to fabricate 30 crown patterns in 3D-printed resin (PR, ProArt Print Wax), millable wax suitable for casting (BW, ProArt CAD Wax Blue), and millable wax suitable for pressing (YW, ProArt CAD Wax Yellow) (n=10). Subtractively manufactured patterns were fabricated by using a 5-axis milling unit (PrograMill PM7), while 3D-printed patterns were fabricated by using a digital light processing-based 3D printer (PrograPrint PR5; Ivoclar Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein). All fabricated patterns were digitized by using an intraoral scanner (CEREC Primescan SW 5.2) to generate test-STLs. C-STL and test-STLs were transferred into a 3D analysis software (Medit Link v 2.4.4). Trueness evaluation was performed at 4 different surfaces (external, intaglio with margin, marginal, and intaglio without margin) and for complete scan meshes (overall) by using the root mean square (RMS) method. Data were analyzed with Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests (?=.05). Results: RMS values varied significantly at all surfaces (P<.001), except for marginal surface (P=.151). PR had the highest RMS values at external surface (P?.007), intaglio surfaces (with (P?.003) and without margin (P?.005)), and overall (P?.01). No significant differences were observed between YW and BW (P?.223). Conclusion: Patterns fabricated by using subtractive manufacturing exhibited high trueness. The deviation values, in general, were small, particularly at intaglio and marginal surfaces; thus, clinical difference in crown-fit may be negligible using additive or subtractive technique. Clinical Significance The fit of definitive crowns may be similar when tested crown patterns are additively or subtractively manufactured. However, crowns fabricated by using tested 3D-printed resin patterns may require more chairside adjustments compared with those fabricated by using subtractively manufactured wax patterns.Öğe Cameo and intaglio surface stability and variability of additively, subtractively, and conventionally manufactured occlusal devices after long-term storage(Elsevier, 2024) Orgev, Ahmet; Dönmez, Mustafa Borga; Almogbel, Lolowh; Çakmak, Gülce; Marques, Vinicius Rizzo; Kahveci, Çiğdem; Yılmaz, BurakStatement of problem: Additive and subtractive manufacturing have become alternative technologies for fabricating occlusal devices. However, knowledge of the long-term stability of occlusal devices fabricated using these recent technologies is limited. Purpose: The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the cameo and intaglio surface stability and variability of additively, subtractively, and conventionally manufactured occlusal devices after 18 months of storage. Material and methods: A standard tessellation language (STL) file of a dentate maxillary typodont was used to design a master occlusal device. The STL file of this design was used to fabricate occlusal devices additively either with a digital light processing (AM-1) or a continuous liquid interface production (AM-2) printer, subtractively with 2 different 5-axis milling units (SM-1 and SM-2), and conventionally (TM-HP) (n=10). STL files of each device's cameo and intaglio surfaces were generated using a laboratory scanner after fabrication and after 18 months of storage in a moist environment. These generated files were imported into an analysis software program (Geomagic Control X) to analyze the dimensional stability of tested devices by using the root mean square method. The average deviation values defined the variability of measured changes over time. Cameo and intaglio surface deviations were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn tests, while the variability of measured deviations was analyzed with 1-way analysis of variance and the Tukey HSD tests (α=.05). Results: Significant differences were observed among tested devices when the intaglio surface deviations and the cameo surface variability were considered (P<.001). SM-2 had significantly higher intaglio surface deviations than AM-1, SM-1, and AM-2 (P≤.036). Among the test groups, AM-1 had the greatest cameo surface variability (P≤.004). Conclusions: SM-2 resulted in lower intaglio surface stability than the additive and the other subtractive manufacturing technologies, while AM-1 led to the highest cameo surface variability among the test groups.Öğe Effect of Polymerization Unit, Polishing, and Coffee Thermocycling on the Color and Translucency of Additively Manufactured Resins Used for Definitive Prostheses(Quintessence Publishing Co. Inc., 2024) Dönmez, Mustafa Borga; Çakmak, Gülce; Sabatini, Gabriela Panca; Kahveci, Çiğdem; Orğev, Ahmet; Yoon, Hyunğ-In; Yılmaz, BurakPurpose: To evaluate the effect of polymerization unit, polishing, and coffee thermocycling on the color and translucency of additively manufactured polyurethane-based resins with different viscosities. In addition, their color behavior was compared with the color of the shade tab throughout the fabrication steps and aging. Materials and Methods: Disk-shaped specimens (010 X 2 mm) were fabricated from polyurethane-based resins with different viscosities (Tera Harz TC-80DP and C&B permanent; n = 30 per material). Baseline color coordinates were measured after cleaning. The specimens in each resin group were divided into three subgroups (n = 10 per subgroup) to be polymerized with different polymerization units (Otoflash G171 [FLN], Wash and Cure 2.0 [CLED1], and P Cure [CLED2]), polished, and subjected to coffee thermocycling. Color coordinates were remeasured after each process. Color differences (ΔE00) and relative translucency parameter (RTP) values were calculated. Data were statistically analyzed (α =. 05). Results: Time points and polymerization units affected the ΔE00 for each material (P<. 049). ΔE00 of each polymerization unit pair had significant differences within and among different time points within each material (P <. 024). ΔE00 (when compared with the shade tab) and RTP were mostly affected by polymerization units and time points within both materials (P <. 042). Conclusions: Tested polymerization units, polishing, and coffee thermocycling affected the color difference and translucency of tested resins. Color differences ranged from moderately unacceptable to extremely unacceptable, and the differences in translucency values mostly ranged from perceptible to unacceptable, according to previous thresholds. In addition, tested resin-polymerization unit pairs had unacceptable color differences when compared to the shade tab. CLED1 may enable higher color stability for tested resins © (2024), (Quintessence Publishing Co. Inc.). All Rights Reserved.Öğe Effect of printing layer thickness on the trueness and fit of additively manufactured removable dies(Elsevier, 2022) Yılmaz, Burak; Dönmez, Mustafa Borga; Kahveci, Çiğdem; Cuellar, Alfonso Rodrigues; de Paula, Marcella Silva; Schimmel, Martin; Abou-Ayash, Samirl; Çakmak, GülceStatement of problem: Additive manufacturing is commonly used for the fabrication of definitive casts with removable dies. However, how the trueness and fit of removable dies are affected by printing layer thickness is lacking. Purpose: The purpose of this in vitro study was to investigate the trueness and fit of additively manufactured removable dies printed in different layer thicknesses. Material and methods: A mandibular cast with a prepared right first molar tooth was digitized (CEREC Primescan), and its standard tessellation language (STL) file was imported into a software program (DentalCAD 3.0). A removable die (D-STL) and a hollow cast with (M-STL) or without the die (SM-STL) were designed. D-STL and SM-STL were imported into a nesting software program (Composer), and 45 removable dies in 3 layer thicknesses (100 ?m, 50 ?m, and 50 to 100 ?m) (n=15) and 1 cast (100-?m) were additively manufactured. Each removable die (TD-STLs), the cast with each die (TM-STLs), and the cast without the die (TSM-STL) were digitized by using the same scanner. All STL files were imported into a software program (Medit Link v 2.4.4), and TD-STLs were superimposed over D-STL. The root mean square (RMS) method was used to analyze the trueness of the dies at 2 different areas (crown and root portion) and as a complete unit (overall). Overall RMS values of the cast with and without the die were also calculated after superimposing TM-STLs over M-STL. The fit of the dies in the cast was evaluated by using a triple-scan protocol to measure deviations at 5 different points (point M: most mesial point of the margin; point TM: tip of the mesial cusp; point O: deepest point of the occlusal fossa; point TD: tip of the distal cusp; point D: most distal point of the margin) on the crown portion. One-way ANOVA and Tukey honestly significant difference tests were used to evaluate data (?=.05). Results: The RMS values of removable dies showed significant differences at each area (P?.002). The 50- to 100-?m group had higher overall RMS values than the 100-?m group (P=.017). The 100-?m group had the highest RMS values for the crown portion (P?.019), while the 50-?m group had the highest RMS values for the root portion (P<.001). The 50-?m group had the lowest RMS values for the crown portion when the die was in the cast (P<.001). Except for point TM (P=.228), significant differences were observed among the test groups at all points (P<.001). The 50-?m group had the lowest distance deviations at points M, TD, and D (P?.005), while the 100-?m group had the highest distance deviations at points O and D (P?.010). Conclusions: Removable dies fabricated by using a 100-?m or 50- to 100-?m combined layer thickness had trueness that was either similar to or better than that of dies fabricated with a 50-?m layer thickness. When the die was on the cast, the 50-?m layer thickness resulted in the best crown portion trueness. However, because the deviation differences among groups were clinically small, the 100-?m layer thickness can be considered for the efficient fabrication of removable dies when the tested printer and resin are used. © 2022 Editorial Council for the Journal of Prosthetic DentistryÖğe Fracture resistance of additively or subtractively manufactured resin-based definitive crowns: Effect of restorative material, resin cement, and cyclic loading(Elsevier, 2024) Çakmak, Gülce; Dönmez, Mustafa Borga; Molinero-Mourelle, Pedro; Kahveci, Çiğdem; Abou-Ayash, Samir; Peutzfeldt, Anne; Yılmaz, BurakObjective: To evaluate how restorative material, resin cement, and cyclic loading affect the fracture resistance of resin -based crowns fabricated by using additive or subtractive manufacturing. Methods: A right first molar crown standard tessellation language (STL) file was used to fabricate 120 crowns from one subtractively manufactured polymerinfiltrated ceramic network (SM) and two additively manufactured resin composites (AM -B and AM -S) (N = 40). These crowns were randomly divided into 4 groups within each material according to the dual -polymerizing resin cement to be used (RX and PN) and the aging condition (n = 10). After cementation, the crowns without cyclic loading were subjected to fracture testing, while the others were first cyclically loaded (1.7 Hz, 1.2 million cycles, and 49-N load) and then subjected to fracture testing. Data were analyzed with generalized linear model analysis ( alpha = .05). Results: Fracture resistance of the crowns was affected by material, resin cement, and cyclic loading ( P <= .030). However, none of the interactions significantly affected fracture resistance of tested crowns ( P >= .140). Among tested materials, SM had the highest fracture resistance, whereas AM -B had the lowest ( P <= .025). RX led to higher fracture resistance, and cyclic loading decreased the fracture resistance ( P <= .026). Significance: Tested materials can be considered reliable in terms of fracture resistance in short- or mid-term (5 years of intraoral simulation) when used for single molar crowns with 2 mm occlusal thickness. In the long term, polymer -infiltrated ceramic network crowns cemented with RelyX Universal may provide promising results and be less prone to complications considering higher fracture resistance values obtained.Öğe Fracture resistance of additively or subtractively manufactured resin-based definitive crowns: Effect of restorative material, resin cement, and cyclic loading(Elsevier Inc., 2024) Çakmak, Gülce; Dönmez, Mustafa Borga; Molinero-Mourelle, Pedro; Kahveci, Çiğdem; Abou Ayash, Samir; Peutzfeldt, Anne; Yılmaz, BurakObjective: To evaluate how restorative material, resin cement, and cyclic loading affect the fracture resistance of resin-based crowns fabricated by using additive or subtractive manufacturing. Methods: A right first molar crown standard tessellation language (STL) file was used to fabricate 120 crowns from one subtractively manufactured polymer-infiltrated ceramic network (SM) and two additively manufactured resin composites (AM-B and AM-S) (N = 40). These crowns were randomly divided into 4 groups within each material according to the dual-polymerizing resin cement to be used (RX and PN) and the aging condition (n = 10). After cementation, the crowns without cyclic loading were subjected to fracture testing, while the others were first cyclically loaded (1.7 Hz, 1.2 million cycles, and 49-N load) and then subjected to fracture testing. Data were analyzed with generalized linear model analysis (α = .05). Results: Fracture resistance of the crowns was affected by material, resin cement, and cyclic loading (P ≤ .030). However, none of the interactions significantly affected fracture resistance of tested crowns (P ≥ .140). Among tested materials, SM had the highest fracture resistance, whereas AM-B had the lowest (P ≤ .025). RX led to higher fracture resistance, and cyclic loading decreased the fracture resistance (P ≤ .026). Significance: Tested materials can be considered reliable in terms of fracture resistance in short- or mid-term (5 years of intraoral simulation) when used for single molar crowns with 2 mm occlusal thickness. In the long term, polymer-infiltrated ceramic network crowns cemented with RelyX Universal may provide promising results and be less prone to complications considering higher fracture resistance values obtained. © 2024 The AuthorsÖğe Surface roughness, optical properties, and microhardness of additively and subtractively manufactured CAD-CAM materials after brushing and coffee thermal cycling(John Wiley and Sons Inc, 2025) Çakmak, Gülce; Dönmez, Mustafa Borga; de Paula, Marcella Silva; Akay, Canan; Fonseca, Manrique; Kahveci, Çiğdem; Abou-Ayash, Samir; Yılmaz, BurakPurpose: To evaluate the surface roughness, optical properties, and microhardness of additively or subtractively manufactured CAD-CAM materials after simulated brushing and coffee thermal cycling. Material and methods: Two additively manufactured resins (Crowntec, CT and VarseoSmile Crown Plus, VS) and 3 subtractively manufactured materials (a reinforced composite (Brilliant Crios, BC), a polymer-infiltrated ceramic network (Enamic, VE), and a feldspathic ceramic (Mark II, VM)) were used to fabricate disk-shaped specimens (Ø10×1-mm) (n = 10). Surface roughness, Vickers microhardness, and color coordinates were measured after polishing, while surface roughness was also measured before polishing. Specimens were then subjected to 25000 cycles of brushing and 10000 cycles of coffee thermal cycling, and measurements were repeated after each time interval. Color difference (ΔE00) and relative translucency parameter (RTP) were calculated. Robust analysis of variance test was used to evaluate surface roughness, ΔE00, and RTP data, while generalized linear model analysis was used for microhardness data (α = 0.05). Results: Material type and time interval interaction affected tested parameters (p ≤ 0.002). In addition, material type affected all parameters (p < 0.001) other than surface roughness (p = 0.051), and time interval affected surface roughness and microhardness values (p < 0.001). Tested materials mostly had their highest surface roughness before polishing (p ≤ 0.026); however, there was no clear trend regarding the roughness of materials within different time intervals along with ΔE00 and RTP values within materials or time intervals. VS and CT had the lowest microhardness regardless of the time interval, while the remaining materials were listed as VM, VE, and BC in decreasing order (p < 0.001). Coffee thermal cycling only reduced the microhardness of VM (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Tested additively manufactured resins can be considered more susceptible to simulated brushing and coffee thermal cycling than the other materials, given the fact that their surface roughness and ΔE00 values were higher than previously reported acceptability thresholds and because they had the lowest microhardness after all procedures were complete. © 2023 The Authors. Journal of Prosthodontics published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American College of Prosthodontists.Öğe Trueness of crowns fabricated by using additively and subtractively manufactured resin-based CAD-CAM materials(Elsevier, 2022) Çakmak, Gülce; Rusa, Ana Maria; Dönmez, Mustafa Borga; Akay, Canan; Kahveci, Çiğdem; Yılmaz, BurakStatement of problem: Advancements in digital dental technologies have enabled the use of different resin-based materials that can be fabricated either additively or subtractively. However, knowledge on the fabrication trueness of these materials is scarce. Purpose: The purpose of this in vitro study was to investigate the trueness of crowns fabricated by using different resin-based computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD-CAM) materials. Material and methods: A complete crown for a mandibular right first molar with a 30-?m cement space was designed in standard tessellation language (STL) format. This master STL (MC-STL) was used to fabricate 40 complete crowns with 4 different resin-based CAD-CAM materials and either additive (Crowntec [MS]) or subtractive techniques (Brilliant Crios [BC], breCAM.monoCOM [PMMA], and G-CAM [GR]; n=10). All crowns were digitized with an intraoral scanner (CEREC Primescan SW 5.2) to generate their STL files (TC-STLs). MC-STL and TC-STLs were transferred into a 3-dimensional analysis software program (Medit Link v2.4.4), and a trueness (overall, external, occlusal, intaglio occlusal, and marginal) analysis was performed by using the root mean square (RMS) method. The Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn tests were performed to analyze data (?=.05). Results: The test groups had significantly different deviations on all surfaces (P?.001). MS crowns had higher overall (P?.007) and external surface (P?.001) deviations than GR and PMMA crowns, while the differences between GR and PMMA crowns were not significant (P?.441). BC crowns had higher external surface deviations than GR crowns (P=.005), higher occlusal deviations than GR and MS crowns (P?.007), and higher intaglio occlusal deviations than GR and MS crowns (P?.009). However, BC crowns had lower marginal deviations than MS and GR crowns (P?.018). Conclusions: The brand of resin-based CAD-CAM materials affected the trueness of crowns. Additively manufactured crowns (MS) mostly had lower overall and external surface trueness than the other groups. Nevertheless, the deviation values of occlusal, intaglio occlusal, and marginal trueness were generally small; thus, the effect of the tested materials on clinical crown fit may be negligible. © 2022 Editorial Council for the Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry
