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    Antiamoebic properties of Methyltrioctylammonium chloride based deep eutectic solvents
    (Elsevier Ltd., 2022) Siddiqui, Ruqaiyyah; Makhlouf,Zinb; Akbar, Noor; Khamis, Mustafa; Ibrahim, Taleb; Khan, Amir Sada; Khan, Naveed Ahmed
    Antiamoebic properties of Methyltrioctylammonium chloride based deep eutectic solvents
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    Antimicrobial Activity of Novel Deep Eutectic Solvents
    (Mdpi, 2023) Akbar, Noor; Khan, Naveed Ahmed; Ibrahim, Taleb; Khamis, Mustafa; Khan, Amir Sada; Alharbi, Ahmad M.; Alfahemi, Hasan
    Herein, we utilized several deep eutectic solvents (DES) that were based on hydrogen donors and hydrogen acceptors for their antibacterial application. These DES were tested for their bactericidal activities against Gram-positive (Streptococcus pyogenes, Bacillus cereus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli K1, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Serratia marcescens) bacteria. Using lactate dehydrogenase assays, DES were evaluated for their cytopathic effects towards human cells. Results from antibacterial tests revealed that DES prepared from the combination of methyl-trioctylammonium chloride and glycerol (DES-4) and DES prepared form methyl-trioctylammonium chloride and fructose (DES-11) at a 2 mu L dose showed broad-spectrum antibacterial behavior and had the highest bactericidal activity. Moreover, DES-4 showed 40% and 68% antibacterial activity against P. aeruginosa and E. coli K1, respectively. Similarly, DES-11 eliminated 65% and 61% E. coli K1 and P. aeruginosa, respectively. Among Gram-positive bacteria, DES-4 showed important antibacterial activity, inhibiting 75% of B. cereus and 51% of S. pneumoniae. Likewise, DES-11 depicted 70% B. cereus and 50% S. pneumoniae bactericidal effects. Finally, the DES showed limited cytotoxic properties against human cell lines with the exception of the DES prepared from Methyltrioctylammonium chloride and Citric acid (DES-10), which had 88% cytotoxic effects. These findings suggest that DES depict potent antibacterial efficacies and cause minimal damage to human cells. It can be concluded that the selected DES in this study could be utilized as valuable and novel antibacterial drugs against bacterial infections. In future work, the mechanisms for bactericides and the cytotoxicity effects of these DES will be investigated.
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    Efficient extraction of methylene blue from aqueous solution using phosphine-based deep eutectic solvents with carboxylic acid
    (2022) Hassan, Muhammad Faheem; Khan, Amir Sada; Akbar, Noor; İbrahim, Taleb Hassan; Khamis, Mustafa I.
    Methylene blue (MB), an organic thiazine dye, has numerous industrial and medical applications. However, MB is a wastewater contaminant that is harmful to humans and aquatic life. Hence, its removal from water bodies is essential. In this work, five novel deep eutectic solvents (DESs) were synthesized using different precursors, screened, and studied for the extraction of methylene blue (MB) from aqueous solution using liquid-liquid extraction. The first, TOP-SA, was synthesized using trioctylphosphine (TOP) as a hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA) and 2-hydroxy benzoic acid as a hydrogen bond donor (HBD). Among these, TOP-SA had the highest MB removal efficiency. The effects of pH, contact time, initial MB concentration, volumetric ratio, temperature, and ionic strength were studied and optimized. A 99.3% removal was achieved in 5 min for a 200 mg dm(-3) MB solution mixed in a 1:10 ratio with TOP-SA at 25.0 degrees C. The structural properties of TOP-SA and its interactions with MB were investigated using FTIR. TOP-SA's toxicity was investigated using human cells in vitro. TOP-SA was found to be comparatively less toxic and is a more efficient MB remover than other literature reported ionic liquids (ILs).
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    An overview on phytotoxic perspective of ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents: the role of chemical structure in the phytotoxicity
    (Wiley, 2023) Khan, Amir Sada; Sakina, Asma; Nasrullah, Asma; Ullah, Saadat; Ullah, Zahoor; Khan, Zahid; Khan, Naveed Ahmed; Khan, Shahan Zeb; Din, Israf Ud
    Ionic liquids (ILs) and deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are designable solvents having widespread applications. They have gained tremendous attention in the last few decades due to their inherent physicochemical properties, making them distinctive solvents from technological point of view. There are a large number of research articles published on physicochemical properties and applications of ILs and DESs, however, limited research work is available on the phytotoxic effect of ILs and DESs. They are considered as environmentally friendly greener solvents, however, during experimental work, it has been found that they are not always as green as desired. It has been reported that ILs and DESs have phytotoxic properties and effect both aquatic and terrestrial plants. Here the phototoxic problems of ILs and DESs are reviewed. Similar to the traditional solvents, the aforementioned solvents are not safe, and it is important to determine their phytotoxicity prior to highlighting their potential applications. This review will help researchers to design new eco-friendly ILs and DESs, which can fulfil the twelve principles of green chemistry.