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Öğe Biomedical applications of engineered heparin-based materials(Keai Publishing Ltd, 2024) Zare, Ehsan Nazarzadeh; Khorsandi, Danial; Zarepour, Atefeh; Yilmaz, Hulya; Agarwal, Tarun; Hooshmand, Sara; Mohammadinejad, RezaHeparin is a negatively charged polysaccharide with various chain lengths and a hydrophilic backbone. Due to its fascinating chemical and physical properties, nontoxicity, biocompatibility, and biodegradability, heparin has been extensively used in different fields of medicine, such as cardiovascular and hematology. This review highlights recent and future advancements in designing materials based on heparin for various biomedical ap-plications. The physicochemical and mechanical properties, biocompatibility, toxicity, and biodegradability of heparin are discussed. In addition, the applications of heparin-based materials in various biomedical fields, such as drug/gene delivery, tissue engineering, cancer therapy, and biosensors, are reviewed. Finally, challenges, opportunities, and future perspectives in preparing heparin-based materials are summarized.Öğe Photodynamic therapy for leishmaniasis: recent advances and future trends(Elsevier Science, 2021) Varzandeh, Mohammad; Mohammadinejad, Reza; Esmaeilzadeh-Salestani, Keyvan; Dehshahri, Ali; Zarrabi, Ali; Aghaei-Afshar, AbbasLeishmaniasis has infected more than 12 million people worldwide. The neglected tropical disease causing 20,000-30,000 deaths per year determined as a global health problem. The emergence of resistant parasites and serious side effects of the conventional therapies has led to the search for less toxic and non-invasive alternative treatments. Photodynamic therapy is a promising therapeutic strategy to produce reactive oxygen species for the treatment of leishmaniasis. In this regard, natural and synthetic photosensitizers such as curcumin, hypericin, 5-aminolevulinic acid, phthalocyanines, phenothiazines, porphyrins, chlorins and nanoparticles have been applied. In this review, the recent advances on using photodynamic therapy for treating Leishmania species have been reviewed.