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    Application of 3D, 4D, 5D, and 6D bioprinting in cancer research: what does the future look like?
    (Royal Soc Chemistry, 2024) Khorsandi, Danial; Rezayat, Dorsa; Sezen, Serap; Ferrao, Rafaela; Khosravi, Arezoo; Zarepour, Atefeh; Khorsandi, Melika
    The application of three- and four-dimensional (3D/4D) printing in cancer research represents a significant advancement in understanding and addressing the complexities of cancer biology. 3D/4D materials provide more physiologically relevant environments compared to traditional two-dimensional models, allowing for a more accurate representation of the tumor microenvironment that enables researchers to study tumor progression, drug responses, and interactions with surrounding tissues under conditions similar to in vivo conditions. The dynamic nature of 4D materials introduces the element of time, allowing for the observation of temporal changes in cancer behavior and response to therapeutic interventions. The use of 3D/4D printing in cancer research holds great promise for advancing our understanding of the disease and improving the translation of preclinical findings to clinical applications. Accordingly, this review aims to briefly discuss 3D and 4D printing and their advantages and limitations in the field of cancer. Moreover, new techniques such as 5D/6D printing and artificial intelligence (AI) are also introduced as methods that could be used to overcome the limitations of 3D/4D printing and opened promising ways for the fast and precise diagnosis and treatment of cancer. Recent advancements pertaining to the application of 3D, 4D, 5D, and 6D bioprinting in cancer research are discussed, focusing on important challenges and future perspectives.
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    Cellular targets and molecular activity mechanisms of bee venom in cancer: recent trends and developments
    (2022) Varol, Ayşegül; Sezen, Serap; Evcimen, Dilhan; Zarepour, Atefeh; Ulus, Gönül; Zarrabi, Ali; Badr, Gamal; Dastan, Sevgi Durna; Orbayoglu, Asya Gulistan
    Bee venom therapy is known as a traditional approach to curing many medical conditions such as arthritis, pain and rheumatism. Bee venom also provides promising potential for treating many cancers such as breast, lung, ovary, stomach, kidney, prostate, cervical, colon and esophageal cancers, osteosarcoma, leukemia, melanoma and hepatocellular carcinoma. We therefore focused not only on the molecular activity mechanisms and cellular targets of bee venom and its components, but also on modern solutions as cutting-edge nanotechnological advances to overcome existing bottlenecks, and the latest advances in the anticancer application of bee venom in clinical settings.
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    Citrus genus and its waste utilization: a review on health-promoting activities and industrial application
    (2021) Khan, Usman Mir; Mir, Usman; Muhammad Aadil, Rana; Shahid, Muhammad; Sezen, Serap; Zarrabi, Ali; Ozdemir, Betul; Sevindik, Mustafa
    Citrus fruits such as oranges, grapefruits, lemons, limes, tangerines, and mandarins, whose production is increasing every year with the rise of consumer demand, are among the most popular fruits cultivated throughout the globe. Citrus genus belongs to the Rutaceae family and is known for its beneficial effects on health for centuries. These plant groups contain many beneficial nutrients and bioactive compounds. These compounds have antimicrobial, anticancer, antidiabetic, antiplatelet aggregation, and anti-inflammatory activities. Citrus waste, generated by citrus-processing industries in large amounts every year, has an important economic value due to richness of bioactive compounds. The present review paper has summarized the application and properties of Citrus and its waste in some fields such as food and drinks, traditional medicine practices, and recent advances in modern approaches towards pharmaceutical and nutraceutical formulations.
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    MXene-based biosensors for selective detection of pathogenic viruses and bacteria
    (Elsevier, 2023) Sezen, Serap; Zarepour, Atefeh; Zarrabi, Ali; Iravani, Siavash
    The design of advanced MXene-based biosensors with high sensitivity and selectivity can revolutionize the manufacturing industry of biosensors for early detection of biomarkers in molecular and clinical diagnostics, monitoring disease progression, and drug discovery. MXenes are a class of two-dimensional materials with interesting properties such as good biocompatibility, ideal mechanical features, good thermal and mechanical conductivities, large surface area, high transmittance ability, enhanced chemical stability, hydrophilicity, wear resistance, and high stability in oxygen free and dry environments. MXene-based biosensors have been developed for the detection of pathogenic viruses and bacteria. Their capabilities to detect pathogenic viruses and bacteria with high sensitivity and accuracy, inactivate viruses/bacteria, and immobilize a large number of biomolecules make them an attractive option for developing biosensors and other diagnostic tools. Herein, the current state-ofthe-art advancements in the use of MXene-based biosensors for the specific detection of pathogenic viruses and bacteria, as well as their developmental challenges and future perspectives are deliberated. Undoubtedly, the unique properties of MXenes make them ideal for immobilizing biomolecules and detecting target analytes. Ongoing research is focused on optimizing the performance of MXene-based biosensors and expanding their applications to other areas of biosensing.
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    Rhabdomyosarcoma: Current Therapy, Challenges, and Future Approaches to Treatment Strategies
    (Mdpi, 2023) Zarrabi, Ali; Perrin, David; Kavoosi, Mahboubeh; Sommer, Micah; Sezen, Serap; Mehrbod, Parvaneh; Bhushan, Bhavya
    Simple Summary Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is a rare pediatric sarcoma affecting skeletal muscle in children and young adults. It is responsible for 3% of all childhood malignant tumors and is the third most prevalent pediatric extracranial solid tumor. Despite advances in diagnostic and treatment methods and clinical trials to improve pediatric RMS survival rates, children with high-risk RMS and recurrent disease have 5-year survival rates of less than 30% and 17%, respectively. The cure rate remains low and the current RMS therapies continue to pose potential life-threatening toxicities, which can lead to lifelong morbidity. The treatment strategies for RMS include multi-agent chemotherapies after surgical resection with or without radiotherapy. Here, we focus on chemotherapy strategies and discuss the impact of apoptosis, autophagy, and the UPR that are involved in the chemotherapy response. Then, to screen future therapeutic approaches and promote muscle regeneration, we discuss in vivo mouse and zebrafish models and in vitro three-dimensional bioengineering models.Abstract Rhabdomyosarcoma is a rare cancer arising in skeletal muscle that typically impacts children and young adults. It is a worldwide challenge in child health as treatment outcomes for metastatic and recurrent disease still pose a major concern for both basic and clinical scientists. The treatment strategies for rhabdomyosarcoma include multi-agent chemotherapies after surgical resection with or without ionization radiotherapy. In this comprehensive review, we first provide a detailed clinical understanding of rhabdomyosarcoma including its classification and subtypes, diagnosis, and treatment strategies. Later, we focus on chemotherapy strategies for this childhood sarcoma and discuss the impact of three mechanisms that are involved in the chemotherapy response including apoptosis, macro-autophagy, and the unfolded protein response. Finally, we discuss in vivo mouse and zebrafish models and in vitro three-dimensional bioengineering models of rhabdomyosarcoma to screen future therapeutic approaches and promote muscle regeneration.