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Öğe Application of machine learning algorithms for predicting the engine characteristics of a wheat germ oil–hydrogen fuelled dual fuel engine(Elsevier, 2022) Joseph Shobana Bai, Femilda Josephin; Shanmugaiah, Kaliraj; Sonthalia, Ankit; Devarajan, Yuvarajan; Varuvel, Edwin GeoIn this research work, performance and emission parameters of wheat germ oil (WGO) -hydrogen dual fuel was investigated experimentally and these parameters were predicted using different machine learning algorithms. Initially, hydrogen injection with 5%, 10% and 15% energy share were used as the dual fuel strategy with WGO. For WGO +15% hydrogen energy share the NO emission is 1089 ppm, which is nearly 33% higher than WGO at full load. As hydrogen has higher flame speed and calorific value and wider flammability limit which increases the combustion temperature. Thus, the reaction between nitrogen and oxygen increases thereby forming more NO. Smoke emission for WGO +15% hydrogen energy share is 66%, which is 15% lower compared to WGO, since the heat released in the pre-mixed phase of combustion is increased to a maximum with higher hydrogen energy share compared to WGO. Different applications including internal combustion engines have used machine learning approaches for predictions and classifications. In the second phase various machine learning techniques namely Decision Tree (DT), Random Forest (RF), Multiple Linear Regression (MLR), and Support Vector Machines (SVM)) were used to predict the emission characteristics of the engine operating in dual fuel mode. The machine learning models were trained and tested using the experimental data. The most effective model was identified using performance metrics like R-Squared (R2) value, Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Mean Square Error (MSE), and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE). The result shows that the prediction by MLR model was closest to the experimental results. © 2022 Hydrogen Energy Publications LLCÖğe Application of Taguchi design in optimization of performance and emissions characteristics of n-butanol/diesel/biogas under dual fuel mode(Elsevier, 2023) Goyal, Deepam; Goyal, Tarun; Mahla, Sunil Kumar; Goga, Geetesh; Dhir, Amit; Balasubramanian, Dhinesh; Hoang, Anh Tuan; Joseph Shobana Bai, Femilda Josephin; Varuvel, Edwin GeoCombustion experts are in search of some alternative fuel from last few decades owing to diminishing petroleum products and unexpected variations in habitat, which are result of venomous emissions from the CI engines. The present investigation intended to assess the performance and emission parameters of a diesel engine by fueling it with pilot fuel (blends of diesel and n-butanol) and primary fuel (Biogas). Results revealed that BTE, HC and CO increases whilst NOx and smoke emissions were reduced by using the pilot and primary fuel together in relation with natural diesel. Experimentation was done using Taguchi L9 orthogonal array design. The engine load, flow rate of biogas and butanol in fuel blend percentage were selected as input parameters whereas brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and emission characteristics i.e., HC, CO, NOx and smoke were chosen as response variables. ANOVA was carried out for the responses by utilizing MINITAB software. The higher value of raw data and S/N ratio for BTE was noted with high engine load, low flow rate of biogas and butanol blend percent. For the emission characteristics i.e., HC, CO and smoke, lower raw data and high S/N ratio values were attained in the order of rank engine load > butanol blend percent > biogas flow rate while the similar values for NOx were attained in the rank engine load > biogas flow rate > butanol blend percent. Taguchi design was noted to be an effective tool for the optimization of various response parameters and the optimum levels of input parameters were calculated after analysis. Full engine load for BTE and HC, Biogas flow rate of 15 lpm for BTE, HC and CO, and 20 % of butanol blend for HC, CO and smoke were found to be the optimum conditions for the conducted experimentation. © 2022 Elsevier LtdÖğe Biodiesel from Biomass Waste Feedstock Prosopis Juliflora as a Fuel Substitute for Diesel and Enhancement of Its Usability in Diesel Engines Using Decanol(Wiley-V C H Verlag Gmbh, 2023) Duraisamy, Boopathi; Velmurugan, Kandasamy; Venkatachalapathy, V. S. Karuppannan; Madheswaran, Dinesh Kumar; Varuvel, Edwin GeoBiomass-based biofuel production is a promising solution to the decline of fossil fuels. Prosopis juliflora seed-derived vegetable oil, known as Prosopis juliflora methyl ester (JFME), offers a potential feedstock for biodiesel. To enhance its properties, the addition of Decanol is investigated, a higher-order alcohol similar to Diesel. Experiments are conducted on a 5.2 kW compression ignition (CI) engine using JFME blended with different decanol concentrations (5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%). Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis confirm its compliance with fuel standards. The findings reveal that the 20% decanol blend (D20) achieves a brake thermal efficiency of 29.9% at full load, with reduced NO, smoke, and hydrocarbon (HC) emissions compared to diesel. D20 shows NO emissions of 1265 ppm, smoke opacity of 53%, and HC emissions of 69 ppm, while diesel records 1320 ppm, 69%, and 75 ppm, respectively. The CO emissions for D20 are 0.359 vol%, slightly higher due to decanol's higher latent heat of evaporation. Moreover, D20 exhibits improved combustion with a higher mass fraction burnt and faster heat release rates. These results indicate the potential of using JFME blended with 20% decanol as an alternative fuel for CI engines, offering higher performance and reduced emissions.Öğe Biofuel from leather waste fat to lower diesel engine emissions: Valuable solution for lowering fossil fuel usage and perception on waste management(Institution of Chemical Engineers, 2022) Devarajan, Yuvarajan; Jayabal, Ravikumar; Munuswamy, Dinesh Babu; Ganesan, S.; Varuvel, Edwin GeoThis work examines the viability of examining waste fat extracted from industrial leather waste as an alternative to diesel. These wastes are harmful if disposed to the environment. Conventional transesterification was per- formed to produce leather waste methyl ester (LWME). Post-processing, a yield of 82.6% of methyl ester was obtained. The obtained LWME was inspected for its thermophysical properties and falls with ASTM standards. LWME was blended with petroleum diesel at 10%, 20% and 30% on a volume basis and referred to as LWME10D90, LWME20D80 and LWME30D70 correspondingly. The effect of LWME/ diesel blends was inspected in a four-stroke, single-cylinder, direct-injection engine under diverse loads. Test results revealed that the brake thermal efficiency for LWME/ diesel blends was lower than diesel at all loads with higher specific brake-specific fuel consumption was higher as both are inversely proportional. Carbon monoxide emissions were reduced by 22.7%, Hydrocarbon emissions were reduced by 48%, and Smoke emissions were reduced by 6.43%, with a 9.84% increase in nitrogen oxide emissions for LWME30D70 than diesel. It has been concluded that including LWME in diesel lowers the greenhouse gases with a marginal reduction in performance pattern.Öğe CO2 reduction in a common rail direct injection engine using the combined effect of low carbon biofuels, hydrogen and a post combustion carbon capture system(Taylor & Francis, 2021) Varuvel, Edwin Geo; Thiyagarajan, S.; Sonthalia, Ankit; Prakash, T.; Awad, Sary; Aloui, Fethi; Pugazhendhi, ArivalaganThe transportation sector is a major emitter of carbon dioxide emissions. It is a known fact that carbon dioxide is the cause of global warming which has resulted in extreme weather conditions as well as climate change. In this study a combination of different methods of expediting the CO2 emission from a single cylinder common rail direct injection (CRDI) engine has been explored. The methods include use of low carbon content biofuels (lemon peel oil (LPO) and camphor oil (CMO), inducing hydrogen in the intake manifold and zeolite based after-treatment system. Initial engine operation with the low carbon content biofuel blends resulted in reduced smoke and CO2 emissions. Substitution of the blends with hydrogen further assisted in decrease in emission and improvement in engine efficiency. Later on in the exhaust pipe an after-treatment system containing zeolite was placed. The emissions were found to reduce even further and at full load condition the lowest CO2 (39.7% reduction) and smoke (49% reduction) emissions were observed with LPO blend and hydrogen induction. The NO emission with hydrogen induction increases for both the blends, however, it was seen that the zeolite based treatment system was effective in reducing the emission as well. As compared to baseline diesel, the maximum reduction in NO emission was 23% at full load with LPO blend, hydrogen induction and after-treatment system.Öğe Combined effects of nozzle hole variation and piston bowl geometry modification on performance characteristics of a diesel engine with energy and exergy approach(Elsevier Ltd., 2022) Praveena, V.; Leenus Jesu Martin, M.; Varuvel, Edwin GeoThis experimental work aims to address the challenges of waste management. Biomass waste is converted into useful fuel and considered as a replacement to conventional fuel in CI engines. In this context, the grape marc and grape pomace are crushed and further processed to produce grapeseed oil. The grapeseed oil is further trans esterified to produce grapeseed seed oil methyl ester. The present study aims in examining the effect of varying piston shapes and nozzle profile on energy and exergy rates of a CI engine run with grapeseed oil methyl ester (GSME) blended with cerium oxide nano particles. The CeO2 nano particles were suspended in the base fuel at a concentration of 100 ppm and stability tests were conducted. The experiments were performed on a single cylinder, water cooled diesel engine with rated power of 5.2 kW. The research work includes two additional piston shapes namely, toroidal and shallow deep and two additional nozzle profiles viz. 4 hole and 5-hole nozzle. The hemispherical shape and 3-hole nozzle were considered as the standard one. Energy and exergy analysis were done on the experimental data to understand the exergy associated with cooling water, exhaust gas and unaccounted losses. The energy and exergy rates show that increase in nozzle hole number, decreases the destructive availability of the system. The exergetic efficiency of 32.8% is higher proving that toroidal shape and 5-hole nozzle profile is comparatively better and suitable for effective engine operation. HC, CO and smoke emissions reduced considerably by 14.4%–30% by the engine modification. Brake thermal efficiency was improved from 28.2% to 31.02% for CI engine with biodiesel. The paper addresses the gap in fuel modification clubbed with engine modification using biomass waste derived fuel. Exergy and energy analysis further add value to this current experimental work.Öğe Combustion analysis of higher order alcohols blended gasoline in a spark ignition engine using endoscopic visualization technique(Elsevier Ltd, 2022) Vikneswaran, M.; Saravanan, C.G.; Sasikala, J.; Ramesh, P.; Varuvel, Edwin GeoThe experimental study was carried out on the port fuel injection system installed spark-ignition engine fuelled by 1.5%, 3%, and 5% higher order alcohol such as 1-hexanol and 2-heptanol blended gasoline. In this study, the endoscopic combustion visualization technique was employed to compare and analyze the changes observed in the spatial flame characteristics between the alcohol blends and sole gasoline. The Correlated Colour Temperature (CCT) method was used to predict the flame temperature distribution from the captured flame images. Also, the effect of blending alcohols on engine combustion, performance, and emission characteristics was studied. The endoscopic results revealed that the flame spread region with respect to different CA positions increases with the alcohol blending ratio in the sole gasoline at the early and middle stages of the combustion. Further, the engine characteristics study revealed that 5% hexanol and heptanol blends gave a brake thermal efficiency of 25.8% and 25.7%, respectively, which were higher than sole gasoline, having 24.8% at full load. In addition, it was observed that the early start of combustion (SoC) and a faster burn rate associated with alcohol blends raise the cylinder pressure and heat release rates (HRRs) and thereby result in higher peak pressure and HRR with slight advancement in the CA position. At 8 kW, the CO and HC emission of 5% 1-hexanol and 2-heptanol blends was decreased by about 10.3% and 13.7%, and 9.5% and 8%, respectively, and NO emission decreased slightly with a rise in alcohol concentration in the mix when compared to gasoline. © 2022 Elsevier LtdÖğe A comparative study on bayes classifier for detecting photovoltaic module visual faults using deep learning features(Elsevier, 2024) Venkatesh, S. Naveen; Sugumaran, V.; Subramanian, Balaji; Josephin, J. S. Femilda; Varuvel, Edwin GeoRenewable energy is found to be an effective alternative in the field of power production owing to the recent energy crises. Among the available renewable energy sources, solar energy is considered the front runner due to its ability to deliver clean energy, free availability and reduced cost. Photovoltaic (PV) modules are placed over large geographical regions for efficient solar energy harvesting, making it difficult to carry out maintenance and restoration works. Thermal stresses inherited by photovoltaic modules (PVM) under varying environmental conditions can lead to failure of internal components. Such failures when left undetected impart a number of complications in the system that will lead to unsafe operation and seizure. To avoid the aforementioned uncertainties, frequent monitoring of PVM is found necessary. The fault identification in PVM using essential features taken from aerial images is presented in this study. The feature extraction procedure was carried out using convolutional neural networks (CNN), while the feature selection process was carried out by the J48 decision tree method. Six test conditions were considered such as delamination, glass breakage, discoloration, burn marks, snail trail, and good panel. Bayes Net (BN) and Naive Bayes (NB) classifiers were utilized as primary classifiers for all the test conditions. Results obtained from the classifiers were compared and the best classifier for fault detection in PVM is suggested.Öğe Development of artificial neural network and response surface methodology model to optimize the engine parameters of rubber seed oil - Hydrogen on PCCI operation(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2023) Varuvel, Edwin Geo; Seetharaman, Sathyanarayanan; Bai, Femilda Josephin Joseph Shobana; Devarajan, Yuvarajan; Balasubramanian, DhineshIdentifying the suitable alternative fuel and optimum blend concentration for diesel engine combustion is critical as most biodiesel emits excess smoke and has a lower thermal efficiency due to its high viscosity and carbon residue. In the previous work, rubber seed oil was tested in a single-cylinder diesel engine, and its performance and emission results were compared with those of pure diesel, an RSO-diesel (70:30 by volume) blend, RSOmethyl ester, RSO-diethyl ether, RSO-ethanol, and RSO-hydrogen in a dual fuel operation. The testing was performed at a constant speed of 1500 rpm, with the engine loads varying at 25% step intervals. Results showed that smoke and nitrogen oxides were significantly reduced for RSO, and engine performance was enhanced when RSO was operated with hydrogen and diethyl ether in dual fuel mode. In this study, the experimental results were employed to develop an artificial neural network and response surface methodology model. Brake thermal efficiency, rate of pressure rise, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbon, oxides of nitrogen, and smoke were predicted using response surface methodology and artificial neural network. Though artificial neural network produced the best R2 values (0.87264-0.99929), mean absolute percentage error was relatively lesser in response surface methodology. Thus, the authors conclude that response surface methodology is the best suitable artificial intelligence tool to optimize the engine for accomplishing desired responses.Öğe Effect of alloying elements and ceramic coating on the surface temperature of an aluminum piston in a diesel engine(HINDAWI LTD, 2022) Vengatesan, S.; Yadav, Paras; Varuvel, Edwin GeoThe engine piston is subjected to very high temperature during the combustion process, and it is very difficult to control the stability of the geometry at elevated temperature. The stability of the engine piston was analysed by finite element method with steady-state conditions for three different types of approach to control it, where the influence of the alloying element of aluminum piston, influence of surface coating, and its impact on the thickness variation followed by the influence of holes on the coating surface have been analysed in detail. It is observed that the coating with holes shows good agreement with requirement compared to the influence of the alloying element and coated piston. The conduction mode of heat transfer is controlled, and also, the heat transfer to the adjacent components is facilitated by holes on the coated piston.Öğe Effect of amyl alcohol addition in a CI engine with Prosopis juliflora oil - an experimental study(Taylor and Francis, 2021) Duraisamy, Boopathi; Velmurugan, Kandasamy; Venkatachalapathy, V. S.Karuppannan; Subramanian, Thiyagarajan; Varuvel, Edwin GeoThis study aims to replace diesel with Prosopis Juliflora seed oil (JPO) in a compression ignition (CI) engine. The high viscosity of JPO promotes inferior performance and combustion. Brake thermal efficiency of JPO is 28.3%, which is less compared to 30.7% for diesel. This also leads to higher brakespecific energy consumption, HC, CO, and smoke emissions. JPO was converted to its biodiesel (Prosopis Juliflora methyl ester) (JPME) through the transesterification process. The physical properties were improved posttransesterification process. Brake thermal efficiency was improved to 29.3% for JPME. Higher NOx emission with reduced HC, CO, and smoke emissions was observed with JPME in comparison with JPO. The test engine employed for the investigations has a single-cylinder configuration with the maximum power of 5.2 kW enabled with water cooling. Furthermore, amyl alcohol was added with JPME in various proportions of 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% by volume and experiments were conducted. The addition of amyl alcohol in the volume mentioned earlier has improved the thermal efficiency at higher loads; added to this NO and smoke emission were lowered simultaneously for all the loading conditions. Except with the 5% volume of amyl alcohol, HC and CO emissions have increased for all other volume compositions. JPME with 20% volume amyl alcohol exhibits the highest peak pressure and heat release rate. The brake thermal efficiency of JPME + A20 is on par with diesel. NO and smoke were reduced by 7% and 29%, respectively, for JPME + A20 in comparison with diesel. The study shows that the addition of 20% amyl alcohol with JPME has performance and emission characteristics similar to diesel. Further increase in amyl alcohol led to poor cold starting condition and may also lead to knocking. Hence, it was concluded to use only up to 20% of amyl alcohol to avoid any operational complications.Öğe Effect of intake port design modifications on diesel engine characteristics fuelled by pine oil-diesel blends(TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC, 2022) Malaiperumal, Vikneswaran; Saravanan, Chidambaram Ganapathy; Raman, Vallinayagam; Kirubagaran, Raj Kiran; Pandiarajan, Premkumar; Sonthalia, Ankit; Varuvel, Edwin GeoThe effect of the modified intake port with various inclined nozzle angles such as 30 degrees, 60 degrees, and 90 degrees on the diesel engine characteristics when operated with pine oil-diesel blends is investigated. Prior to the engine experimental study, a computational analysis was performed to investigate the impact produced on the flow field parameters of an engine due to modified intake port design. The numerical study revealed increased swirl velocity and turbulence for intake port with a 60 degrees single-pass configuration compared to other design configurations. With evidence of improved swirl velocity and the proposed modified intake port design from the numerical study, an experimental investigation was performed using pine oil blends in the diesel engine with modified intake port configurations. The preliminary engine test findings with standard intake port design indicated that P50 (50% pine oil + 50% diesel) has higher peak engine cylinder pressure and heat release rates than P10 (10% pine oil + 90% diesel). Additionally, the 60 degrees single-pass configuration showed further increase in peak pressure and peak heat release followed by standard and other intake port design configurations. At high load, the P50 blend showed a 12.3% increase in BTE for 60 degrees intake port design configuration in comparison to the standard design configuration. While for the same blend, the engine out emissions like hydrocarbon (HC) and smoke were reduced by about 6.6% and 17.6%, respectively, and nitrogen oxide (NOX) emission was increased by 29% for the 60 degrees single-pass configuration when compared to the standard design configuration. Overall, the intended intake port design modification strategy increased the swirl velocity and turbulence, which improved the air/fuel mixing and combustion. This study identifies 60 degrees single-pass configuration as an optimum design on account of the aforementioned improved engine combustion, performance, and emissions.Öğe Effect of premixed hydrogen on the performance and emission of a diesel engine fuelled with prunus amygdalus dulcis oil(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2023) Varuvel, Edwin GeoThere is a need to find alternative fuels to replace the fossil fuels and also to reduce the harmful emissions. Biomass based fuels are one such alternate fuel to diesel. The main aim of this study is to find the suitability of sweet almond oil (Prunus amygdalus dulcis oil) in compression ignition engine (CI), moreover to enchance the performance and emission parameters by premixed charge compression ignition (PCCI) combustion with hydrogen fuel. A decrease in diesel engine performance was observed with the blend. Further to reduce the fossil fuel consumption, hydrogen was introduced in the intake manifold. As hydrogen is inducted well before the combustion, it makes premixed charge with intake air for better combustion. The results reveal that 30LPM (litres per minute) hydrogen flow rate lead to maximum improvement in engine performance. Compared to the blend, the thermal efficiency increased by 8.38 % at full load, and a reduction of 70 %, 56 % and 27 %, for HC, CO and smoke emissions respectively was observed. However, an increase of 14 % in NO emission was observed. Hydrogen addition along with SAO20 (20 % blending of sweet almond oil biodiesel in diesel) operation increases the in-cylinder peak pressure from 79.8 bar to a maximum of 89.5 bar at full load. Hydrogen increases the rate of heat released in the premixed combustion but the peak heat release rate is delayed with different hydrogen flow rates due to lower centane number of the combustible mixture. The novelty of this paper is to run the engine with unexplored low carbon biofuel prunus amygdalus dulcis oil in diesel engine and also to improve the performance by premixed hydrogen fuel.Öğe Energy, Exergy, and Emission Analysis of Biofuels in Compression Ignition Engine with Camphor Oil as Premixing Fuel(Wiley-V C H Verlag Gmbh, 2024) Gurusamy, Manikandaraja; Ponnusamy, Chandrasekaran; Varuvel, Edwin GeoThis article aims to study the impact of camphor oil premixing with intake air on compression ignition (CI) engine characteristics powered with jatropha oil and cottonseed oil. The experiment is conducted on the direct injection compression engine attached to the premixing setup. The investigation reveals that premixing of camphor oil with cottonseed oil and jatropha oil escalates the thermal brake efficiency to 35.02% and 33.62% and brings down the brake-specific energy consumption to 10.27 and 10.70 kJ kWh-1. At all loading conditions, the premixing of camphor oil and the rise of camphor oil in premixing proportions increase the volumetric efficiency and cut the exhaust gas temperature. 20% premixing of camphor oil with cottonseed oil and jatropha oil drops the smoke opacity emissions by 22.23% and 11.86% and NO emission by 23.27% and 14.59%, respectively, at full load conditions. Further, it shows a 27.60% and 21.14% hike in CO emissions and a 31.34% and 31.87% hike in HC emissions at full load conditions. The in-cylinder pressure, heat release rate, and mean gas temperature increase with increasing the energy share of camphor oil in premixing. Overall, the premixing of camphor oil shows better CI engine attributes except HC and CO emissions. The premixing of camphor oil in air intake systems while compression ignition engines are powered with biofuels elevates the thermal efficiency, volumetric efficiency, and exergy efficiency and curtails nitric oxide and smoke emissions while increasing carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon emissions.image (c) 2023 WILEY-VCH GmbHÖğe Environmental and energy valuation of waste- derived Cymbopogon Martinii Methyl Ester combined with multi-walled carbon (MWCNTs) additives in hydrogen-enriched dual fuel engine(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2023) Ramalingam, Sathiyamoorthi; Babu, M. Naresh; Devarajan, Yuvarajan; Babu, M. Dinesh; Varuvel, Edwin GeoThis study uses a Capparis Spinosa Methyl Ester or Cymbopogon Martinii Methyl Ester (CMME25) and hydrogen dual fuel engine using multi-walled multi-additive nanotubes (MWCNT). In this experiment, a single-cylinder diesel engine was used. Through the intake manifold, hydrogen is introduced at predetermined flow rates of 5 and 10 lpm. The enriched hydrogen MWCNT of 50 and 100 ppm is combined with the CMME25 fuel. Results from the first round of experiments showed that combustion characteristics and performance were improved by hydrogen enrichment. The addition of hydrogen in the CMME25 fuel blend exhibited better performance (BTE (2.52% higher at 5 lpm and 4.52% higher at 10 lpm), BSFC (1.8% lower at 5 lpm and 2.2% lower at 10 lpm), and increased combustion parameters with lower ignition delay and combustion duration and lower emission gases (CO (8.3% at 5 lpm and 13.4% at 10 lpm), HC (7.2% at 5 lpm and 13.1% at 10 lpm), smoke (4.27% at 5 lpm and 9.06% at 10 lpm)) except NOx emission (4.82% at 5 lpm and 8.16% at 10 lpm) when compared with CMME25 without hydrogen addition. The second phase discussed the effect of multi-walled nanotubes (MWCNTs) blended with CMME25 fuel enriched with hydrogen of 10 lpm. The addition of multi-walled nanotubes in the CMME25 fuel blend revealed that higher BTE and lower BSFC were observed. MWCNT nanoparticles operate as catalysts to accelerate combustion. Minimising ignition delay and HRR advances peak HRR. Hydrogen increased the hydrogen-carbon ratio, improved air/fuel mixing, and shortened combustion, reducing CO emissions. MWCNTs decreased HC emissions by catalysing fuel oxidation and combustion. NOx emission was 6.3 and 12.8% lower for MWCNT 50 and 100 ppm, respectively. Smoke emissions decreased by 8.1 and 14.22% for MWCNT 50 and 100 ppm. Nanoparticles improved fuel droplet evaporation, thermal conductivity, and smoke emission.(c) 2023 Hydrogen Energy Publications LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Öğe Environmentally conscious manufacturing and life cycle analysis: a state-of-the-art survey(Hindawi Limited, 2022) Paulraj, Prathap; Ilangovan, Padmanaban; Subramanian, Kannan; Nagarajan, Mohan Raj; Suthan, R.; Sakthimurugan, V.; Madhu, S.; Varuvel, Edwin Geo; Lenin, HaiterResearch on developing new methodologies on environmentally conscious manufacturing and way of reducing environmental impacts on product design was started over two decades ago. Environmentally conscious manufacturing has become a challenge to the environment and to the society itself, enforced primarily by government regulations and the customer expectation on environmental issues. In both industry and academics, there is a sizable following for environmental-related issues which are aimed at finding answers to the problems that arise in this newly emerged area. Problems are widespread including the ones related to the life cycle of products, disassembly, material recovery, and remanufacturing and pollution prevention. Only very few researchers have concentrated on ecofriendly products. This paper investigates the literature by classifying more than 200 published references into four categories, viz., design for environment checklist, environmentally conscious manufacturing, life cycle analysis, and material selection.Öğe Evaluation of wheat germ oil biofuel in diesel engine with hydrogen, bioethanol dual fuel and fuel ionization strategies(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2024) Nibin, Mohammed; Varuvel, Edwin Geo; Josephin, J. S. Femilda; Vikneswaran, M.The work has been done with the objective of overcoming the sustainability and environmental degradation pertaining to the increasing consumption of diesel fuel. This can be done by replacing it with vegetable oils because they are renewable and eco-friendly. In this regard, initially, this study investigated the performance of a single-cylinder diesel engine fuelled by neat wheat germ oil (WTGO). The results proved that the performance of WTGO was way inferior to that of sole diesel due to its very high viscosity nature. The BTE given by WTGO at full load was 2.1% lesser than diesel. Apart from NOx and CO2, other emissions like CO, smoke, and HC were higher for WTGO in comparison to diesel. To improve the performance and emission of WTGO, various fuel modification methods were employed with it, and the results of those methods were compared with neat diesel and WTGO. The methods adopted in this study are: i) Trans-esterified WTGO (biodiesel), ii) Fuel ionization using a magnetic field (Permanent and electrical type), iii) Dual fuel mode: WTGO operated in combination with ethanol and hydrogen. Among these, dual fuel operation of WTGO and hydrogen resulted in maximum brake thermal efficiency, followed by dual fuel operation with ethanol (30% energy share), fuel ionization (both types), and WTGO biodiesel. The WTGO, with a 15% hydrogen energy share, showed the highest BTE of 29.8%, which was higher than neat diesel (28.7%) and WTGO (26.6%). The same method reduced the HC and CO emissions by 39.3% and 40.5%, respectively, when compared to neat WTGO. All methods decreased the smoke emission, and the lowest was recorded by WTGO biodiesel, which was lesser by 21.7% and 6.1% compared to WTGO and diesel, respectively. The peak heat release rate and pressure were higher for all fuel modifications as compared to neat WTGO, but only WTGO and 15% hydrogen energy share of dual fuel operation exhibited higher peak values than diesel. The neat WTGO experienced the most delayed start of combustion, and it was improved with the implication of the above methods. The operation of WTGO in dual fuel mode resulted in the least delay for the start of combustion but was not equivalent to neat diesel. Finally, it is recommended that using hydrogen in dual fuel mode is the best way to achieve maximum performance with WTGO as a fuel for diesel engines without any major modifications to the engine.Öğe Experimental assessment on the performance, emission and combustion characteristics of a safflower oil fueled CI engine with hydrogen gas enrichment(Elsevier Ltd, 2022) Praveena, V.; Joseph Shobana Bai, Femilda Josephin; Balasubramanian, Dhinesh; Devarajan, Yuvarajan; Aloui, Fethi; Varuvel, Edwin GeoInducting hydrogen with biodiesel in a compression ignition (CI) engine contributes to improvising the performance characteristics of the engine and minimize long-term issues. Combustion of hydrogen along with intake air impacts positively in air quality by preventing the formation of toxic emissions like hydrocarbons (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO). The benefits of hydrogen such as good diffusion rate, lesser ignition energy and fast flame propagation rate promotes a more homogenously mixed air fuel ratio. This experimental work focuses on enhancement of the performance and combustion characteristics of a direct injection compression ignition (DICI) engine by enriching the biodiesel with various levels of hydrogen gas supplement at the intake manifold. The brake thermal efficiency of the engine with safflower oil biodiesel is 31.15 % which is far inferior to that of diesel with 34 %. As an effort to improve the performance characteristics of the CI engine, hydrogen gas is inducted at 4 %, 8 % and 12 % energy share. HC, CO and smoke emission decreases by 15.09 %, 34.6 % and 18 % respectively compared to neat biodiesel at full load of 5.2 kW. An opposite trend is observed in NOx emissions which are raised from 1650 ppm to 1852 ppm. A 12.2 % increase in NOx emissions are realized due to homogenous flammable mixture that combusts closer to Top dead center (TDC). The hydrogen enrichment with safflower oil biodiesel influences the combustion characteristics in a positive vein except for the NOx emissions, which could be minimized through the use of retrofit devices like selective catalytic reducer, diesel oxidation catalyst etc.Öğe Experimental investigation and performance prediction of gasoline engine operating parameters fueled with diisopropyl ether-gasoline blends: Response surface methodology based optimization(Elsevier Ltd., 2022) Sathyanarayanan, Seetharaman; Suresh, Sivan; Saravanan, C. G; Vikneswaran, M.; Dhamodaran, Gopinath; Sonthalia, Ankit; Joseph Shobana Bai, Femilda Josephin; Varuvel, Edwin GeoIn this research, gasoline engine performance and emission characteristics were studied when powered by diisopropyl ether-gasoline blends. The main objective of this study is to determine the behavior of diisopropyl ether-gasoline blends at various engine speeds and compression ratios. Further, the engine parameters were optimized using the response surface methodology. Enriched oxygen, higher latent heat of vaporization, and the readily volatile nature of the fuel enhanced the brake thermal efficiency and lowered the hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide due to a better combustion rate. The developed model exhibited superior R2 values with a 0.957 desirability factor. The optimum parameters such as speed, compression ratio, and fuel-blend concentrations were found at 2250 rpm, 10:1, and D25 (75% gasoline and 25% diisopropyl ether), respectively. The responses for the optimal input parameters were brake thermal efficiency (31.53%), specific fuel consumption (0.2923 kg/kWh), carbon monoxide (0.14% by Vol.), hydrocarbons (31 ppm), and oxides of nitrogen (708 ppm). The predicted values for optimum engine parameters were validated with the experimental data, and their percentage of absolute error was found to be less than 5%. Thus, the study concludes that diisopropyl-ether gasoline blends can be used as an alternative fuel to enhance the brake thermal efficiency and reduce the pollution level, and the proposed numerical model can predict the responses with high accuracy.Öğe Experimental investigation of features of CI engine fueled with blends of camphor oil with biomass waste simarouba glauca oil(Taylor & Francis Inc, 2024) Gurusamy, Manikandaraja; Vijayaragavan, Mathanraj; Varuvel, Edwin GeoThis research article examines engine performance characteristics using three different volumetric blending ratios of high-viscosity Simarouba glauca seed oil and low-viscosity camphor oil: 30% Simarouba glauca oil with 70% camphor oil (S30C70), 50% Simarouba glauca oil with 50% camphor oil (S50C50), and 70% Simarouba glauca oil with 30% camphor oil (S70C30). At full load, the thermal efficiency of S30C70 was found to be 8.18, 5.64, and 4.09% higher than that of S70C30, S50C50, and diesel fuel. In comparison to S70C30, S50C50, and diesel, the energy usage for brakes was determined to be 7.54, 5.34, and 3.64% lower. At high loading circumstances, S30C70 emits 57% less CO than the basic fuel value. Similar to the basic fuel, smoke and hydrocarbon emissions are trending downward. In comparison to base diesel, NO emission for the S30C70 fuel mix was about 20.33% higher under heavier loading situations. The maximum in-cylinder peak pressure and rate of pressure increase are exhibited in S30C70, which has a lower cetane number. The S30C70 fuel blend offers higher fuel exergy, relative efficiency, sustainability index, and exergy efficiency due to its low viscosity. The S30C70 fuel blend was found to have lower entropy than all other combinations tested. When a higher volume of camphor oil is added to the blended fuel, the performance characteristics of the diesel engine increase significantly.
