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Öğe Iran’s use of Afghan Shiite migrants as proxies: the case of Liwa Fatemiyoun(DergiPark, 2021) Karataş, İbrahimThis study analyzes how migrants are militarized through analyzing an Iranian proxy, namely Liwa Fatemiyoun, as a case study. Liwa Fatemiyoun is a proxy group formed from migrants of the Shiite ethnic group of Afghan Hazaras by Iran. Shiite Hazaras immigrated to Iran due to ongoing civil wars in Afghanistan to find a safe haven. Numbering more than two million and crossing the borders illegally, Hazaras were recruited by the Iranian army either voluntarily or for a certain amount of money or by force. They were sent to Syria to protect holy shrines, but most of them found themselves in fronts. By analyzing the proxy group’s formation, this study concludes that Iranian regime guards (IRGC) mostly conscript Afghan migrants and refugees to Liwa Fatemiyoun forcibly thereby exploiting their vulnerability and human rights. Besides, by referring to past experiences, the study asserts that Iran may also move the proxy group to Afghanistan if necessary after US troops’ withdrawal. This study mainly wielded news, including those in Persian and institutional reports, and made interviews for its analysis. By examining Liwa Fatemiyoun, the study is expected to contribute to ethnoreligious migration literature from a security perspective.Öğe Turks and other Muslims in the US: an analysis of perceptions(UNIV MALAYA, 2021) Karataş, İbrahimSurveys show that, in the United States, Americans have a less favorable view of Muslims due to various reasons as opposed to American Muslims who conversely favor the American state and population. In line with this fact, this study tries to understand whether the Turkish community living in the US has different views about Americans than American Muslims do. This study makes a comparison because not all ethnic groups in the American Muslim community have the same views about Americans. While analyzing the Turkish community's perceptions, this study also analyzes the views Americans and Muslim Americans have towards each other. The study compares previous surveys with the survey conducted among Turks living in the US and concludes that Muslims generally have the same perceptions regarding Americans. It also reveals that aside from the basic reasons which result in a negative view towards Muslims, being a small community and fragmented are two significant factors that damage the image of Muslims. In addition, it reveals that a lack of knowledge about each other increases negative perceptions.Öğe The evolution of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVS) and their similarities with proxy groups(2020) Karataş, İbrahimUnmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) have been replacing more expensive and manned aircrafts in particularly asymmetric operations to minimize costs and death risk of pilots. This article elucidates the evolution of UAVs in detail and proposes two hypotheses: (1) armed drones have similar functions as proxy groups in proxy wars, and (2) they are evolutionary but not revolutionary. As proxy groups act on behalf of principal states, proxy weapons surrogate jets. However, despite many benefits it contributes to air forces, armed drones are hardly believed to be gamechangers. Instead, they are seen as evolutionary and complementary to manned aircrafts. In addition, UAVs are beneficial mainly in asymmetric warfare since they can not be used in the air space of a country with advanced air defense systems. There may be more drones employed by armies in the future but they may not prevail over piloted aircrafts as human factor is still decisive in combats. This study is expected contribute to literature with its arguments about UAVs. Methodologically, literature review was made for the study.Öğe The discourse of brotherhood in Turkish foreign policy during the AK Party era(DergiPark, 2021) Karataş, İbrahimThis study analyzes why and for which countries the Turkish Foreign Ministry uses the word kardeş (brother) in its discourse, particularly during the AK Party (Justice and Development Party) era. The study reveals that if a country is Muslim or ethnically Turkic, it is called a brother country. Besides states, Muslim or Turkic minorities in other countries are included in the brotherhood category. On the other hand, non-Turkic and non-Muslim countries are described as a friend, an ally, or strategic partners. However, being a brother does not mean that Turkey has the best relations with a country. On the contrary, Turkey has better relations with non-brother countries as well. Yet, being a brother state means probable privileged status in relations. Besides elucidating the discourse in Turkish foreign policy, this study also tries to counter realist ideas that friendship is not possible in the world order, which is supposed to be anarchical. Besides literature review, interviews were made to write the article.Öğe The Role of apocalyptic prophecies in ISIS terrorism(QATAR UNIV, 2021) Karataş, İbrahimPurpose: This study aims to reveal how ISIS exploits apocalyptic prophecies stated in the Qur'an and hadiths to find new recruits and legitimize its ideology. The study tries to identify how sensitive issues of Islam are misinterpreted to mislead and terrorize young Muslims. It also elucidates how the misuse of innocent verses and hadiths leads to terrorism in the hands of .people with fundamentalist beliefs Approach: All issues of two ISIS magazines, namely, Dabiq and Rumiyah, were reviewed, and the related articles were selected, examined and compared with traditional Sunni Islam's eschatology. In addition to the content analysis of the two magazines entitled with the apocalyp.tic names, previously written literature was also examined for this study Findings: ISIS used eschatology to persuade Muslim youth to immigrate to its so-called lands and fight for its lofty cause. The terrorist group tried to realize this goal mainly by reinterpreting prophetic promises of Islam for its ends in the media. The analysis shows that ISIS did not serve religion but benefited its radical ideology. However, time has shown that ISIS's brutal cause was .far from the Islamic faith, as none of ISIS's apocalyptic prophecies came true Originality: While there are many studies about ISIS, few or none of them analyzed how the movement deceived people with apocalyptic ideas, which need to be considered during an examination of the conflicts in the Middle East, where states (e.g., Israel) or regimes (e.g., Iran) are founded on the basis of apocalyptic prophecies. ISIS was another trial that failed. By not examining the core of ISIS ideology stemming from the distorted interpretation of Islamic .prophecies, gray zones would be left in the literature. This study makes that zone clearerÖğe American invasions and withdrawals post-9/11(TURKISH POLICY QUARTERLY, 2021) Karataş, İbrahimWhile the US invasions of Afghanistan and Iraq was a destructive idea, its withdrawal from these countries is much worse since Americans will be leaving the two countries without ensuring peace, stabilizing and improving the political system, and eliminating terrorist groups. Such policies are not only a repetition of the Vietnam War but also indicators of how unplanned and gradual withdrawals can harm both the US and victim countries. As the history of withdrawing is repeating itself, so will the post-withdrawal circumstances. This article, by reviewing the literature, reveals how sudden withdrawals create more chaos in war-torn countries.Öğe The United States: is it still a superpower?(DergiPark, 2021) Karataş, İbrahimThe study argues that although the US power is in decline, it is still a superpower thanks to its allies, friends, economic tools like US dollar and even its adversaries. In other words, not Americans but other countries including rivals keep the US as a superpower. They have done it voluntarily since the US has the desire to act globally, and any loss in its power would cause more losses in other countries. However, particularly during the Trump administration, the US withdrew from the leadership of the like-minded countries, opening the way for China and Russia to be more active in world affairs. Besides reluctant leadership of the Trump administration, generally the U.S administration prefers confrontation to cooperation and escapes from soft landing, accelerating the end of its superpowerhood. The result, as the study argues, might be a more dangerous world order, where there is no superpower ensuring peace on the earth. Methodologically, the concept of superpowerhood is elucidated from a historical, security and international political perspective.Öğe Reassessing the reasons of democracy deficit in the middle east through the role of Islam(DergiPark, 2020) Karataş, İbrahimAbstract There has been a large number of challenges to undemocratic regimes in the Middle East by their populations due to the denial of their participation in decision-making processes. Among many factors, Islamic faith and ruling are regarded to have more role in political conflicts than others. Particularly, the idea that Islam and democracy are not compatible with each other has prevailed and led to the neglect of other reasons in debates. This study analyzes the reasons for democracy deficit in the region such as the environment of mistrust abetting governments to abandon basic human and political rights, hydrocarbon revenues that make regimes independent from populations, the prevalent role of tribalism in government structures which is inherent to traditional Middle Eastern politics, the lack of civil society and the effect of Islam. The study asserts that the role of Islam is unfairly exaggerated since it does not offer a certain political system. Besides, such approaches also underestimate the strong damages other reasons cause. By analyzing the impact of Islam on governance, its use as a tool by political and anti-political Islamists as well as its compliance with democracy, this research aims to reveal to what extent Islam can be attributed to the democracy deficit of the region.Öğe Analyzing article 5 of the north atlantic treaty as an assurance of Turkey’s security(DergiPark, 2021) Karataş, İbrahimAbstract: How useful Article 5 is in providing collective defense has become a matter of discussion in Turkey, particularly in recent years. This study has analyzed Turkey’s formal critical narrative about the article’s benefits. Article 5 is also known as the “One for all and all for one” principle and concluded that facts and beliefs are different from each other. The study argues that NATO membership secured the Turkish state, and Turkey’s position is no different from other members in terms of collective defense. It also found out that the reliance on Article 5 has diminished among member states due to waning loyalty to the organization. Furthermore, some NATO members’ passive postures estranged Turkey from the alliance.Öğe Polarized and demobilized: legacies of authoritarianism in palestine(SETA FOUNDATION, 2020) Karataş, İbrahimThe Israeli-Palestinian conflict is a century-old dispute that has culminated in a sovereign Israeli state and an occupied Palestinian state that is still struggling to gain its sovereignty. After the Israeli-Palestinian War right after the UN decision to partition Palestine into two states in 1948, Palestinians in the historic remainder of Palestine -the West Bank and Gaza- lived under the rule of Jordan and Egypt respectively until 1967.Öğe Was Israel a western project in Palestine?(DergiPark, 2020) Karataş, İbrahimThis study aims to ascertain the extent to which it was Western powers or Zionists that founded Israel. The study argues that Israel was established by Western powers, while not ignoring the partial but significant role of Zionists that sought for a Jewish homeland. The West needed a Jewish homeland in order to utilise Jewish wealth, while also keeping Jews away since they were disturbed by the presence of the Jewish community. On the other hand, the World Zionist Organisation, motivated by anti-Semitism and nationalism, pioneered the idea of a Jewish national home and tried to persuade Western leaders as to the viability of a homeland in Palestine. While Zionist lobbying was influential, it can hardly be argued that they would have founded Israel without the help and permission of Western states, and in particular, the British Empire. The study aims to reveal external roles in nation-building by analysing the case of Israel. Methodologically, both quantitative and qualitative researches were used.
