Osmanlı esnaf ve avarız sandıklarının günlük hayata katkısı
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Tarih
2018
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info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Özet
Öz:İslâmiyetin ilk yıllarından itibaren kurulmaya başlayan vakıflar Osmanlıya gelene kadar günlük hayatın sosyal, kültürel ve ekonomik alanlarında önemli roller üstlenmişlerdir. Osmanlı dönemi ise vakıf hizmetlerin zirve yaptığı, değişim ve dönüşüm geçirdiği yıllardır. En önemli dönüşümlerden biri 15. yüzyılın ilk çeyreğinde icat edilen para vakıflarıdır. Mal olarak paranın vakfedildiği para vakıfları, 16. yüzyılın başlarından itibaren yardımlaşma sandıklarında kümelenmeye başlamıştır. Avarız, esnaf ve yeniçeri orta sandıkları, sermayelerini/vakıf mallarını çeşitli işletme usulleri ile nemalandırarak kazançlarını vakfiye şartlarına uygun kullanmışlardır. Bu kapsamda ihtiyaç sahibi her kesimden kişiye yardım edilmiş, istihdama katkı sağlanmış, kredi ihtiyaçları giderilmiştir. Kentlerden en küçük yerleşim yerine kadar her alanda aktif rol alan vakıf sandıkların toplumsal hizmetlerin sürdürülebilirliğine katkı sağladığı anlaşılmaktadır. Hizmetlerin yıllar içindeki seyrinin izlenebilmesi için dönem kısıtlaması yapılmadan 1491-1911 arasında esnaf ve avarız sandıklarına kaynak aktaran vakıflar incelenmiştir. Vakıf sandık işletmelerinin bir nevi günümüzün fon yönetimleri gibi hizmet verdiği, dönemin iktisadi şartlarını yakından izleyerek buna göre pozisyon aldığı anlaşılmıştır. Ayrıca paranın yanı sıra tahvilin; vakıf malı olarak vakfedilebildiği, işletme usulü olarak kullanıldığı ve rehin olarak verildiği tespit edilmiştir. Bu sayede mütevelliler nakit yönetimlerinde vakıf paraların yanı sıra tahvil, senet gibi araçları da kullanma fırsatı bulmuşlardır. Elde edilen gelirlerin sandıkların amaçları doğrultusunda nasıl yeniden dağıtılacağı ve katkı sağlanan hayratların tüm detayları vakfiyelerde açıkça yazmaktadır. Bu kapsamda çalışma, bir yandan vakıf işletmelerin incelenmesi ile ekonomik, diğer yandan sosyal hizmetlerin takibi ile kentleşmenin sosyo-kültürel gelişime katkıları üzerinedir.
Abstract:Founded since the early years of Islam, waqfs have played an important role in the social, cultural and economic fields of daily life until the Ottoman Empire. And Ottoman period was the years when, waqf services were peaked, changing and transforming. One of the most important transformation was the cash waqfs, invented in the first quarter of the 15th century. Founded to endow the money as a properties, cash waqfs began to accumulated in the waqfs funds from the beginning of to 16th century. Avarız, artisan and janissary squad funds increased their capitals by means of various operating procedures and made use of their earnings in accordance with the endowment terms. In this scope, any type of people in need were assisted, contributed to employment, and their loan needs were fixed. It is understood that waqfs funds, which play an active role in every area from the cities to the smallest settlement, contribute to the sustainability of the social services. In order to keep track the course of the services over the years, waqfs that transfer fund to artisan and avarız funds between the years 1491 and 1911 have been examined without time period limitation. Accordingly, it has been understood that the waqf fund business served as some sort of the fund management of our present day and determined its position by keeping a close watch on the economic conditions of the era. Besides, it has been detected that bonds could also be endowed as waqf property along with cash money, used as an operating procedure and pledged too. Thus, the trustees had the opportunity to make use of such instruments like bonds and bills apart form waqf money in cash management. The details of the redistribution of the incomes in line with the purposes of the funds and all details of the charities that are contributed are clearly stated in the endowments. In this respect, this study is based on the contributions made to the socio-cultural progress by economy through a close examination of the waqf business on the one hand and by urbanization through an analysis of social services on the other.
Abstract:Founded since the early years of Islam, waqfs have played an important role in the social, cultural and economic fields of daily life until the Ottoman Empire. And Ottoman period was the years when, waqf services were peaked, changing and transforming. One of the most important transformation was the cash waqfs, invented in the first quarter of the 15th century. Founded to endow the money as a properties, cash waqfs began to accumulated in the waqfs funds from the beginning of to 16th century. Avarız, artisan and janissary squad funds increased their capitals by means of various operating procedures and made use of their earnings in accordance with the endowment terms. In this scope, any type of people in need were assisted, contributed to employment, and their loan needs were fixed. It is understood that waqfs funds, which play an active role in every area from the cities to the smallest settlement, contribute to the sustainability of the social services. In order to keep track the course of the services over the years, waqfs that transfer fund to artisan and avarız funds between the years 1491 and 1911 have been examined without time period limitation. Accordingly, it has been understood that the waqf fund business served as some sort of the fund management of our present day and determined its position by keeping a close watch on the economic conditions of the era. Besides, it has been detected that bonds could also be endowed as waqf property along with cash money, used as an operating procedure and pledged too. Thus, the trustees had the opportunity to make use of such instruments like bonds and bills apart form waqf money in cash management. The details of the redistribution of the incomes in line with the purposes of the funds and all details of the charities that are contributed are clearly stated in the endowments. In this respect, this study is based on the contributions made to the socio-cultural progress by economy through a close examination of the waqf business on the one hand and by urbanization through an analysis of social services on the other.
Açıklama
Anahtar Kelimeler
Osmanlı, Para Vakfı, Esnaf Sandığı, Avarız Sandığı, Günlük Hayat, Ottoman, Cash Waqfs, Avarız Fund, Artisan Fund, Urbanization
Kaynak
History Studies
WoS Q Değeri
Scopus Q Değeri
Cilt
10
Sayı
8
Künye
GÜRSOY Ç (2018). Osmanlı Esnaf ve Avarız Sandıklarının Günlük Hayata Katkısı. History Studies, 10(8), 121 - 142. Doi: 10.9737/hist.2018.667
