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Öğe Application of Taguchi design in optimization of performance and emissions characteristics of n-butanol/diesel/biogas under dual fuel mode(Elsevier, 2023) Goyal, Deepam; Goyal, Tarun; Mahla, Sunil Kumar; Goga, Geetesh; Dhir, Amit; Balasubramanian, Dhinesh; Hoang, Anh Tuan; Joseph Shobana Bai, Femilda Josephin; Varuvel, Edwin GeoCombustion experts are in search of some alternative fuel from last few decades owing to diminishing petroleum products and unexpected variations in habitat, which are result of venomous emissions from the CI engines. The present investigation intended to assess the performance and emission parameters of a diesel engine by fueling it with pilot fuel (blends of diesel and n-butanol) and primary fuel (Biogas). Results revealed that BTE, HC and CO increases whilst NOx and smoke emissions were reduced by using the pilot and primary fuel together in relation with natural diesel. Experimentation was done using Taguchi L9 orthogonal array design. The engine load, flow rate of biogas and butanol in fuel blend percentage were selected as input parameters whereas brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and emission characteristics i.e., HC, CO, NOx and smoke were chosen as response variables. ANOVA was carried out for the responses by utilizing MINITAB software. The higher value of raw data and S/N ratio for BTE was noted with high engine load, low flow rate of biogas and butanol blend percent. For the emission characteristics i.e., HC, CO and smoke, lower raw data and high S/N ratio values were attained in the order of rank engine load > butanol blend percent > biogas flow rate while the similar values for NOx were attained in the rank engine load > biogas flow rate > butanol blend percent. Taguchi design was noted to be an effective tool for the optimization of various response parameters and the optimum levels of input parameters were calculated after analysis. Full engine load for BTE and HC, Biogas flow rate of 15 lpm for BTE, HC and CO, and 20 % of butanol blend for HC, CO and smoke were found to be the optimum conditions for the conducted experimentation. © 2022 Elsevier LtdÖğe A comprehensive review on the applicability of hydrogen and natural gas as gaseous fuel for dual fuel engine operation(Taylor & Francis Inc, 2024) Singh, Paramvir; Balasubramanian, Dhinesh; Venugopal, Inbanaathan Papla; Tyagi, Vineet Veer; Goel, Varun; Wae-Hayee, Makatar; Kalam, Mohammed AbdulHydrogen and natural gas are promising alternatives to fossil fuels in combustion engines for sustainable environment. Consumption of fossil fuels is a matter of growing concern that needs to be dealt with seriously for a sustainable, better tomorrow as fossil fuels have dreadful implications on the environment. Therefore, there is an urgent need across the globe to quest for environment-friendly alternative fuels, which can power internal combustion engines. Moreover, regulated and unregulated emissions from engines have been affecting human health and the environment. In this review article, hydrogen in combination with natural gas along with diesel as a pilot fuel is investigated. The impactsof exhaust gas recirculation with hydrogen and natural gas are also discussed. It is observed from the review that an H2 proportion of up to 5-30% is beneficial in combination with natural gas as well with other alternative fuels. The further increase in the hydrogen proportion create the problem of backfiring, knocking as well as increasing the NOx emissions. The transportation and storage are the biggest problems with the hydrogen fuel. Among the alternatives, gaseous fuels have great importance, and they need proper attention for inclusion in the CI engine as a fuel used in dual-fuel mode.Öğe Comprehensive study on using hydrogen- gasoline-ethanol blends as flexible fuels in an existing variable speed SI engine(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2023) Inbanaathan, Papla Venugopal; Balasubramanian, Dhinesh; Nguyen, Van Nhanh; Le, Van Vang; Wae-Hayee, Makatar; Ravikumar, R.; Veza, IbhamThe rising human population is causing the utilization of enormous amounts of fossil fuels to fulfill energy needs. Various renewable sources are used as fossil fuels however those resources are not powerful in supplanting customary non-renewable energy sources like gasoline in vehicles. The depletion of conventional fossil fuel utilized in a vehicle con-tributes to an increased portion of air contamination and is a danger to human well-being. Also, to maintain the supply demand, many active types of research have been carried out in mixing a higher percentage of ethanol over gasoline and further moving towards flex-fuel vehicles. But there arises a problem of knocking and higher CO, and HC emissions from the engine. To overcome the above problem, ethanol could be mixed in a higher percentage over gasoline with the help of hydrogen assistance and can completely avoid the problem of knocking and reducing CO and HC emissions. In this research, the combustion, emission, and performance characteristics of a variable-speed gasoline engine fuelled with ethanol-blended gasoline along with hydrogen assistance are taken for investigation at variable speeds like 1800, 1600, 1400, and 1200 rpm. Hydrogen is added to blended fuel (E30) which has better combustion, emission, and performance than other blended fuels. Hydrogen addition is done at 2, 3, and 4 ms respectively. The outcomes showed that the E30 thorn H2 at 3 ms has better combustion, emission, and performance, still, the emission of NOx is higher in comparison with all the other blends due to complete combustion. Thus, a two-stage analysis has been done, one is making a comparison among various blends of ethanol, and the second one is the comparison among the various energy shares of hydrogen.Öğe Development of artificial neural network and response surface methodology model to optimize the engine parameters of rubber seed oil - Hydrogen on PCCI operation(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2023) Varuvel, Edwin Geo; Seetharaman, Sathyanarayanan; Bai, Femilda Josephin Joseph Shobana; Devarajan, Yuvarajan; Balasubramanian, DhineshIdentifying the suitable alternative fuel and optimum blend concentration for diesel engine combustion is critical as most biodiesel emits excess smoke and has a lower thermal efficiency due to its high viscosity and carbon residue. In the previous work, rubber seed oil was tested in a single-cylinder diesel engine, and its performance and emission results were compared with those of pure diesel, an RSO-diesel (70:30 by volume) blend, RSOmethyl ester, RSO-diethyl ether, RSO-ethanol, and RSO-hydrogen in a dual fuel operation. The testing was performed at a constant speed of 1500 rpm, with the engine loads varying at 25% step intervals. Results showed that smoke and nitrogen oxides were significantly reduced for RSO, and engine performance was enhanced when RSO was operated with hydrogen and diethyl ether in dual fuel mode. In this study, the experimental results were employed to develop an artificial neural network and response surface methodology model. Brake thermal efficiency, rate of pressure rise, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbon, oxides of nitrogen, and smoke were predicted using response surface methodology and artificial neural network. Though artificial neural network produced the best R2 values (0.87264-0.99929), mean absolute percentage error was relatively lesser in response surface methodology. Thus, the authors conclude that response surface methodology is the best suitable artificial intelligence tool to optimize the engine for accomplishing desired responses.Öğe Engine behavior analysis on a conventional diesel engine combustion mode powered by low viscous cedarwood oil/waste cooking oil biodiesel/diesel fuel mixture - An experimental study(Elsevier, 2024) Nguyen, Van Nhanh; Balasubramanian, Dhinesh; Rajarajan, Amudhan; Venugopal, Inbanaathan Papla; Dineshkumar, C.; Ravikumar, R.; Le, Duc Trong NguyenBinary biofuel is the best alternative source that completely replaces petroleum -based fuel. In this study, we have experimented with the waste cooking oil and cedarwood oil as biofuel in a DI CI engine for various proportions and related its combustion, emission, and performance characteristics to those of base diesel. This study aims to eliminate the utilization of fossil fuel in a diesel engine by introducing green binary fuel (low viscous fuel resulting from the blending of cedarwood oil with WCO biodiesel) successfully. The objective of the study is to convert cedarwood - WCO into green binary fuel and investigate its performance, emission, and combustion properties. The transesterification process is utilized for the enhancement of WCO as biodiesel. It occasioned a reduction in brake thermal efficiency as the addition of waste cooking oil in the blend increased. At the same time, the maximum value of BTE of 27.8% was attained for B10C90 (10% transesterified waste cooking oil and 90% cedarwood oil in volume), whereas it was 28.1% for diesel at maximum load conditions. The BSEC was 15.4 MJ/kW-hr for B10C90 and 12.8 MJ/kWhr for diesel. The emission characteristics, CO, HC, NOx, CO2, and smoke for B10C90 were 17.93 g/kWhr, 0.55 g/kWhr., 20.09 g/kWhr, 2210.9 g/kWhr, and 25.55%. Combustion features such as NHRR, burn duration, MPRR, combustion efficiency, Ignition delay, and coefficient of variance for B10C90 were 53.74 bar, 29.38 CAD, 4.71 bar/CAD, 99.7%, 7.01 CAD, and 4.73% respectively. It showed that B10C90 had comparable performance (BTE) and combustion values to mineral diesel with better emission characteristics.Öğe Enhancing the performance of renewable biogas powered engine employing oxyhydrogen: Optimization with desirability and D-optimal design(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2023) Sharma, Prabhakar; Balasubramanian, Dhinesh; Khai, Chu Thanh; Venugopal, Inbanaathan Papla; Alruqi, Mansoor; Josephin, J. S. Femilda; Sonthalia, AnkitThe performance and exhaust characteristics of a dual-fuel compression ignition engine were explored, with biogas as the primary fuel, diesel as the pilot-injected fuel, and oxyhydrogen as the fortifying agent. The trials were carried out with the use of an RSM-based D-optimal design. ANOVA was used to create the relationship functions between input and output. Except for nitrogen oxide emissions, oxyhydrogen fortification increased biogas-diesel engine combustion and decreased carbon-based pollutants. For each result, RSM-ANOVA was utilized to generate mathematical formulations (models). The output of the models was predicted and compared to the observed findings. The prediction models showed robust prediction efficiency (R2 greater than 99.21%). The optimal engine operating parameters were discovered by desirability approach-based optimization to be 24 degrees crank angles before the top dead center, 10.88 kg engine loading, and 1.1 lpm oxyhydrogen flow rate. All outcomes were within 3.75% of the model's predicted output when the optimized parameters were tested experimentally. The current research has the potential to be widely used in compression ignition engine-based transportation systems.Öğe Experimental assessment on the performance, emission and combustion characteristics of a safflower oil fueled CI engine with hydrogen gas enrichment(Elsevier Ltd, 2022) Praveena, V.; Joseph Shobana Bai, Femilda Josephin; Balasubramanian, Dhinesh; Devarajan, Yuvarajan; Aloui, Fethi; Varuvel, Edwin GeoInducting hydrogen with biodiesel in a compression ignition (CI) engine contributes to improvising the performance characteristics of the engine and minimize long-term issues. Combustion of hydrogen along with intake air impacts positively in air quality by preventing the formation of toxic emissions like hydrocarbons (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO). The benefits of hydrogen such as good diffusion rate, lesser ignition energy and fast flame propagation rate promotes a more homogenously mixed air fuel ratio. This experimental work focuses on enhancement of the performance and combustion characteristics of a direct injection compression ignition (DICI) engine by enriching the biodiesel with various levels of hydrogen gas supplement at the intake manifold. The brake thermal efficiency of the engine with safflower oil biodiesel is 31.15 % which is far inferior to that of diesel with 34 %. As an effort to improve the performance characteristics of the CI engine, hydrogen gas is inducted at 4 %, 8 % and 12 % energy share. HC, CO and smoke emission decreases by 15.09 %, 34.6 % and 18 % respectively compared to neat biodiesel at full load of 5.2 kW. An opposite trend is observed in NOx emissions which are raised from 1650 ppm to 1852 ppm. A 12.2 % increase in NOx emissions are realized due to homogenous flammable mixture that combusts closer to Top dead center (TDC). The hydrogen enrichment with safflower oil biodiesel influences the combustion characteristics in a positive vein except for the NOx emissions, which could be minimized through the use of retrofit devices like selective catalytic reducer, diesel oxidation catalyst etc.Öğe Exploration of low heat rejection engine characteristics powered with carbon nanotubes-added waste plastic pyrolysis oil(Elsevier, 2023) Murugesan, Parthasarathy; Elumalai, P. V.; Balasubramanian, Dhinesh; Padmanabhan, S.; Murugunachippan, N.; Afzal, Asif; Sharma, PrabhakarCompression ignition (CI)-powered alternative energy sources are currently the main focus due to the constantly rising worldwide demand for energy and the growing industrialization of the automotive sector. Due to their difficulty of disposal, non-degradable plastics contribute significantly to solid waste and pollution. The waste plastics were simply dropped into the sea, wasting no energy in the process. Attempts have been made to convert plastic waste into usable energy through recycling. Waste plastic oil (WPO) is produced by pyrolyzing waste plastic to produce a fuel that is comparable to diesel. Initially, a standard CI engine was utilized for testing with diesel and WPO20 (20% WPO+80% diesel). When compared to conventional fuel, the brake thermal efficiency (BTE) of WPO20 dropped by 3.2%, although smoke, carbon monoxide (CO), and hydrocarbon (HC) emissions were reasonably reduced. As a result, nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions decreased while HC and CO emissions marginally increased in subsequent studies utilizing WPO20 with the addition of 5% water. When combined with WPO20 emulsion, nanoadditives have the potential to significantly cut HC and CO emissions without impacting performance. The possibility of incorporating nanoparticles into fuel to improve performance and lower NOx emissions should also be explored. In order to reduce heat loss through the coolant, prevent heat transfer into the cylinder liner, and increase combustion efficiency, the thermal barrier coating (TBC) material is also coated inside the combustion chamber surface. In this work, low heat rejection (LHR) engines powered by emulsion WPO20 containing varying percentages of carbon nanotubes (CNT) are explored. The LHR engine was operated with a combination of 10 ppm, 20 ppm, and 30 ppm CNT mixed with WPO20. It was shown that while using 20 ppm of CNT with WPO20, smoke, hydrocarbons, and carbon monoxide emissions were reduced by 11.9%, 21.8%, and 22.7%, respectively, when compared to diesel operating in normal mode. The LHR engine achieved the greatest BTE of 31.7% as a result of the improved emulsification and vaporization induced by CNT-doped WPO20. According to the study's findings, WPO20 with 20 ppm CNT is the most promising low-polluting fuel for CI engines.Öğe Exploration of the dual fuel combustion mode on a direct injection diesel engine powered with hydrogen as gaseous fuel in port injection and diesel-diethyl ether blend as liquid fuel(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2024) Barik, Debabrata; Bora, Bhaskor Jyoti; Sharma, Prabhakar; Medhi, Bhaskar Jyoti; Balasubramanian, Dhinesh; Krupakaran, R. L.; Ramegowda, RavikumarThe present study explores the possibilities of the use of diesel-diethyl ether (DDEE) blends as pilot fuel, and hydrogen (H2) as inducted gaseous fuel in a diesel engine operated on dual fuel mode (DFM). DEE was added to diesel in ratios of 5-25% in increasing steps of 5%, to prepare the DDEE5, DDEE10, DDEE15, DDEE20, and DDEE25 blends that were used as pilot fuel. In this current study, for hydrogen gas generation, a hydrogen production kit was fabricated which was powered by solar energy. The hydrogen gas was produced from the electrolysis of water-KOH solution. During the experiment, hydrogen was inducted through the engine intake port employing an electronic gas injector. The quantity of hydrogen injection was set constant of 0.2 lpm for all the test cases. DDEE-hydrogen (DDEE+H2) blends accomplished overall good results compared to diesel. DDEE20+H2 furnished optimal results compared to diesel and other DDEE+H2 blends. Peak cylinder pressure for DDEE20+H2 was 66.91 bar at 5.2oCA aTDC, and the maximum HRR was 32.75 J/ deg.CA. Compared to diesel, the BTE of engine for DDEE20+H2 was augmented by about 0.6% and the BSFC was diminished by about 3.7%, at maximum load conditions. A decline in CO and HC emissions of 29.6%, and 35% were observed for DDEE20+H2 at maximum load condition, but the NO and CO2 emanation was observed to be higher by around 29.4%, and 17.4% in comparison to diesel respectively.(c) 2023 Hydrogen Energy Publications LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Öğe Influence of hydrogen injection timing and duration on the combustion and emission characteristics of a diesel engine operating on dual fuel mode using biodiesel of dairy scum oil and producer gas(Elsevier Ltd, 2023) Lalsangi, Sadashiva; Yaliwal V.S.; Banapurmath N.R.; Soudagar, Manzoore Elahi M.; Balasubramanian, Dhinesh; Sonthalia, Ankit; Varuvel, Edwin Geo; Wae-Hayee, MakatarThe main aim of the present work is to investigate the influence of hydrogen injection timing and injection duration on the combustion and emissions of a CI engine functioning on dual fuel (DF) mode by employing diesel/dairy scum oil methyl ester (DiSOME)/Waste frying oil methyl ester (WFOME) - producer gas (PG) combination. Hydrogen flow rate was maintained constant (8 lpm) and injected in air-producer gas (PG) mixture an inlet manifold using a gas injector. In this current work, injection timing was varied from TDC to 15 deg., aTDC in steps of 5. Similarly, injection duration was adopted from 30 deg., CA to 90 deg., CA and differed in steps of 30. From the outcome of work, it is noticed that the best possible injection timing and injection duration were found to be 10 deg., aTDC and 60 deg., CA respectively. Results showed that, at optimum injection parameters, diesel-PG combination with hydrogen resulted in augmented BTE by 6.7% and 12.4%, decreased smoke by 26.04% and 36.4%, decreased HC by 16.6% and 22.4%, decreased CO by 23.5% and 29.6% and increased NOx by 12.4% and 22.1%, compared to DiSOME and WFOME supported DF operation. Investigation with DiSOME-hydrogen enriched PG combustion showed satisfactory operation. © 2022 Hydrogen Energy Publications LLCÖğe Maximizing efficiency and environmental benefits of an algae biodiesel-hydrogen dual fuel engine through operational parameter optimization using response surface methodology(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2024) Mohite, Avadhoot; Bora, Bhaskor Jyoti; Sharma, Prabhakar; Medhi, Bhaskar Jyoti; Barik, Debabrata; Balasubramanian, Dhinesh; Nguyen, Van GiaoThe utilization of clean and renewable fuels has become increasingly significant in the power generation and transportation sectors. Dual-fuel engines that employ hydrogen and algal biodiesel are potential alternatives. This study investigated the impact of pilot fuel injection pressures and engine loads on the performance and emissions of an algal biodiesel-hydrogen dual-fuel engine. The engine was optimized using response surface methodology under various operating conditions. The highest brake thermal efficiency (28.71 %) was obtained at 240 bar pilot fuel injection pressure and 100 % engine load, significantly reducing carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon emissions. The optimum parameters were identified using response surface methodology at 67.63 % engine load and 245.48 bar pilot fuel injection pressure, with a high model fit (R2) range of 88.89 %-99.59 % and composite desirability of 96.1 %. The potential for optimizing algal biodiesel-hydrogen dual-fuel engines to achieve greater efficiency and environmental benefits is highlighted in this work, as is the relevance of applying response surface methods to optimize engine performance.Öğe Production of biodiesel from waste fish fat through ultrasound-assisted transesterification using petro-diesel as cosolvent and optimization of process parameters using response surface methodology(Springer Heidelberg, 2024) Parida, Soumya; Pali, Harveer Singh; Chaturvedi, Anurag; Sharma, Abhishek; Balasubramanian, Dhinesh; Ramegouda, Ravikumar; Tran, Viet DungBiodiesel is a highly promising and viable alternative to fossil-based diesel that also addresses the urgent need for effective waste management. It can be synthesized by the chemical modification of triglycerides sourced from vegetable origin, animal fat, or algal oil. The transesterification reaction is the preferred method of producing biodiesel. However, the non-miscibility of alcohol and oil layer causes excessive utilization of alcohol, catalyst, and a substantial reacting time and temperature. In the current investigation, transesterification of waste fish oil was performed with petro-diesel as cosolvent, under the influence of ultrasound energy. The combination of both techniques is a unique and efficient way to minimize the mass transfer limitations considerably and hence reduces the parameters of the reaction. It is also a sincere effort to comply with the principles of green chemistry. The optimum reaction conditions were obtained using response surface methodology (RSM) that were as follows: molar ratio of methanol to oil 9.09:1, catalyst concentration of 0.97 wt%, cosolvent concentration of 29.1 wt%, temperature 60.1celcius, and a reacting time 30 min. Under these listed conditions, 98.1% biodiesel was achievable, which was in close agreement with the expected result. In addition, the cosolvent removal step from the crude biodiesel was also eliminated as it could be employed as a blended fuel in CI engines.
