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Öğe Application of 3D, 4D, 5D, and 6D bioprinting in cancer research: what does the future look like?(Royal Soc Chemistry, 2024) Khorsandi, Danial; Rezayat, Dorsa; Sezen, Serap; Ferrao, Rafaela; Khosravi, Arezoo; Zarepour, Atefeh; Khorsandi, MelikaThe application of three- and four-dimensional (3D/4D) printing in cancer research represents a significant advancement in understanding and addressing the complexities of cancer biology. 3D/4D materials provide more physiologically relevant environments compared to traditional two-dimensional models, allowing for a more accurate representation of the tumor microenvironment that enables researchers to study tumor progression, drug responses, and interactions with surrounding tissues under conditions similar to in vivo conditions. The dynamic nature of 4D materials introduces the element of time, allowing for the observation of temporal changes in cancer behavior and response to therapeutic interventions. The use of 3D/4D printing in cancer research holds great promise for advancing our understanding of the disease and improving the translation of preclinical findings to clinical applications. Accordingly, this review aims to briefly discuss 3D and 4D printing and their advantages and limitations in the field of cancer. Moreover, new techniques such as 5D/6D printing and artificial intelligence (AI) are also introduced as methods that could be used to overcome the limitations of 3D/4D printing and opened promising ways for the fast and precise diagnosis and treatment of cancer. Recent advancements pertaining to the application of 3D, 4D, 5D, and 6D bioprinting in cancer research are discussed, focusing on important challenges and future perspectives.Öğe Biomedical applications of engineered heparin-based materials(Keai Publishing Ltd, 2024) Zare, Ehsan Nazarzadeh; Khorsandi, Danial; Zarepour, Atefeh; Yilmaz, Hulya; Agarwal, Tarun; Hooshmand, Sara; Mohammadinejad, RezaHeparin is a negatively charged polysaccharide with various chain lengths and a hydrophilic backbone. Due to its fascinating chemical and physical properties, nontoxicity, biocompatibility, and biodegradability, heparin has been extensively used in different fields of medicine, such as cardiovascular and hematology. This review highlights recent and future advancements in designing materials based on heparin for various biomedical ap-plications. The physicochemical and mechanical properties, biocompatibility, toxicity, and biodegradability of heparin are discussed. In addition, the applications of heparin-based materials in various biomedical fields, such as drug/gene delivery, tissue engineering, cancer therapy, and biosensors, are reviewed. Finally, challenges, opportunities, and future perspectives in preparing heparin-based materials are summarized.Öğe Biosensor integrated brain-on-a-chip platforms: Progress and prospects in clinical translation(Elsevier Advanced Technology, 2023) Cecen, Berivan; Saygili, Ecem; Zare, Iman; Nejati, Omid; Khorsandi, Danial; Zarepour, Atefeh; Alarcin, EmineBecause of the brain's complexity, developing effective treatments for neurological disorders is a formidable challenge. Research efforts to this end are advancing as in vitro systems have reached the point that they can imitate critical components of the brain's structure and function. Brain-on-a-chip (BoC) was first used for microfluidics-based systems with small synthetic tissues but has expanded recently to include in vitro simulation of the central nervous system (CNS). Defining the system's qualifying parameters may improve the BoC for the next generation of in vitro platforms. These parameters show how well a given platform solves the problems unique to in vitro CNS modeling (like recreating the brain's microenvironment and including essential parts like the blood-brain barrier (BBB)) and how much more value it offers than traditional cell culture systems. This review provides an overview of the practical concerns of creating and deploying BoC systems and elaborates on how these technologies might be used. Not only how advanced biosensing technologies could be integrated with BoC system but also how novel approaches will automate assays and improve point-of-care (PoC) diagnostics and accurate quantitative analyses are discussed. Key challenges providing opportunities for clinical translation of BoC in neurodegenerative disorders are also addressed.Öğe MXene-based nano(bio)sensors for the detection of biomarkers: A move towards intelligent sensors(Elsevier, 2024) Khorsandi, Danial; Yang, Jia-Wei; Ulker, Zeynep; Bayraktaroglu, Kenz; Zarepour, Atefeh; Iravani, Siavash; Khosravi, ArezooMXene-based nano(bio)sensors have emerged as promising tools for detecting different biomarkers. These sensors utilize MXene materials, a class of two-dimensional transition metal carbides, nitrides, and carbonitrides, to enable highly sensitive and selective detection. One of the key advantages of MXene-based materials is their high surface area, allowing for efficient immobilization of biomolecules. They also exhibit excellent electrical conductivity, enabling rapid and sensitive detection of biomarkers. The combination of high surface area and conductivity makes MXene-based sensors ideal for detecting biomarkers at low concentrations. Furthermore, MXene-based materials possess unique mechanical properties, ensuring the durability of the sensors. This durability enables repeated use without compromising the sensor performance, making MXene-based sensors suitable for continuous monitoring applications. Despite their advantages, MXene-based nano(bio)sensors face certain challenges for practical biomedical and clinical applications. One challenge lies in the synthesis of MXene materials, which can be complex and time-consuming. Developing scalable synthesis methods is crucial to enable large-scale production and widespread use of MXene-based sensors. In addition, ensuring the stability of MXene layers under various environmental conditions remains a challenge for their practical application. Another limitation is the specificity of MXene-based sensors towards targeted biomarkers. Interfering substances or crossreactivity with similar biomolecules can lead to false-positive or false-negative results. Enhancing the selectivity of MXene-based sensors through optimization and functionalization is essential to improve their reliability and accuracy. The integration of these sensors with emerging technologies, such as artificial intelligence (AI) and internet of things, opens up new possibilities in biomarker detection. The combination of MXene sensors with AI algorithms can enable real-time monitoring, remote data analysis, and personalized healthcare solutions. Herein, the significant challenges and future prospects of MXene-based nano(bio)sensors for the detection of biomarkers are deliberated. The key obstacles have been highlighted, such as ensuring the stability and biocompatibility of MXene-based sensors, as well as addressing scalability issues. The promising future prospects of these sensors have also been explored, including their potential for high sensitivity, selectivity, and rapid response.
