Antibacterial Properties of Ethacridine Lactate and Sulfmethoxazole Loaded Functionalized Graphene Oxide Nanocomposites

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dc.authoridKhan, Naveed/0000-0001-7667-8553
dc.authoridSiddiqui, Ruqaiyyah/0000-0001-9646-6208
dc.authoridAkbar, Noor/0000-0002-8114-1969
dc.authoridShah, Muhammad Raza/0000-0003-4978-3627
dc.authoridJabri, tooba/0000-0001-5889-0913
dc.authorwosidKhan, Naveed/AAM-2892-2021
dc.authorwosidKhan, Naveed/KCK-0156-2024
dc.authorwosidSiddiqui, Ruqaiyyah/AIF-2100-2022
dc.authorwosidShah, Muhammad Raza/AAR-3981-2021
dc.contributor.authorJabri, Tooba
dc.contributor.authorKhan, Naveed Ahmed
dc.contributor.authorMakhlouf, Zinb
dc.contributor.authorAkbar, Noor
dc.contributor.authorGul, Jasra
dc.contributor.authorShah, Muhammad Raza
dc.contributor.authorSiddiqui, Ruqaiyyah
dc.date.accessioned2024-05-19T14:39:04Z
dc.date.available2024-05-19T14:39:04Z
dc.date.issued2023
dc.departmentİstinye Üniversitesien_US
dc.description.abstractThe emergence of drug-resistant bacterial strains that reduce the effectiveness of antimicrobial agents has become a major ongoing health concern in recent years. It is therefore necessary to find new antibacterials with broad-spectrum activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and/or to use nanotechnology to boost the potency of already available medications. In this research, we examined the antibacterial efficacy of sulfamethoxazole and ethacridine lactate loaded two-dimensional glucosamine functionalized graphene-based nanocarriers against a range of bacterial isolates. Graphene oxide was first functionalized with glucosamine, which as a carbohydrate moiety can render hydrophilic and biocompatible characters to the GO surface, and subsequently loaded with ethacridine lactate and sulfamethoxazole. The resulting nanoformulations had distinct, controllable physiochemical properties. By analyzing the formulation using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (PXRD), a thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), zetasizer, and a morphological analysis using Scanning Electron Microscopy and Atomic Force Microscopy, researchers were able to confirm the synthesis of nanocarriers. Both nanoformulations were tested against Gram-negative bacteria, including Escherichia coli K1, Serratia marcescens, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella enterica, as well as Gram-positive bacteria, including Bacillus cereus, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Streptococcus pneumoniae. Importantly, ethacridine lactate and its nanoformulations exhibited significant antibacterial properties against all bacteria tested in this study. When tested for minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), the results were remarkable and revealed that ethacridine lactate presented MIC90 at 9.7 mu g/mL against S. enteric, and MIC90 at 6.2 mu g/mL against B. cereus. Notably, ethacridine lactate and its nanoformulations showed limited toxicity effects against human cells using lactate dehydrogenase assays. Overall, the results revealed that ethacridine lactate and its nanoformulations possess antibacterial activities against various Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria and that nanotechnology can be employed for the targeted delivery of effective drugs without harming the host tissue.en_US
dc.description.sponsorshipAmerican University of Sharjah; University of Sharjahen_US
dc.description.sponsorshipR.S. acknowledges the American University of Sharjah, and N.A.K. acknowledges the University of Sharjah for their support of this work. We are grateful to Maria Khalid (International Centre for Chemical and Biological Sciences, H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan) for providing technical support and her help in revising the manuscript.en_US
dc.identifier.doi10.3390/antibiotics12040755
dc.identifier.issn2079-6382
dc.identifier.issue4en_US
dc.identifier.pmid37107117en_US
dc.identifier.scopus2-s2.0-85153731978en_US
dc.identifier.scopusqualityQ1en_US
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org10.3390/antibiotics12040755
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12713/4691
dc.identifier.volume12en_US
dc.identifier.wosWOS:000978930600001en_US
dc.identifier.wosqualityN/Aen_US
dc.indekslendigikaynakWeb of Scienceen_US
dc.indekslendigikaynakScopusen_US
dc.language.isoenen_US
dc.publisherMdpien_US
dc.relation.ispartofAntibiotics-Baselen_US
dc.relation.publicationcategoryMakale - Uluslararası Hakemli Dergi - Kurum Öğretim Elemanıen_US
dc.rightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessen_US
dc.snmz20240519_kaen_US
dc.subjectAntimicrobial Resistanceen_US
dc.subjectGraphene Oxideen_US
dc.subjectEthacridine Lactateen_US
dc.subjectSulfamethoxazoleen_US
dc.subjectGlucosamineen_US
dc.titleAntibacterial Properties of Ethacridine Lactate and Sulfmethoxazole Loaded Functionalized Graphene Oxide Nanocompositesen_US
dc.typeArticleen_US

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